differences: The same basic process is used in general design and in science, but with variations that include a different use of Quality Checks for evaluations. General Design emphasizes Quality Checks (to determine how closely an option’s predicted properties or observed properties match the desired properties defined by your Goals), but also uses Reality Checks. Science emphasizes a special kind of Quality Check — a Reality Check (aka Theory Check or Prediction Check) to determine how closely reality-based Observations are matched by theory-based Predictions — to evaluate theories, but also uses other kinds of Quality Checks for designing theories & experiments.
visual representations: These process-differences (in the use of Quality Checks and Reality Checks) are visually symbolized by color-differences in the diagrams (2a-2b, 3, 4a-4b`) used for Stages 3 & 4 in An Overview of Design Process* where the two Quality Checks (used for General Design & Science) are dark blue, and a Reality Check (used mainly for Science) is yellow-green. Using this same color symbolism, Stage 4 (using Diagrams 4a-4b) explains how you Generate Solution-Options (in General Design) or Generate Theory-Options (in Science) by using creative-and-critical Retroduction. Similarly, Diagram 4b shows that when you Design an Experiment (Mental or Physical) you can Choose an Option-and-Situation (in General Design) and/or Choose a Theory-Situation (in Science) after you have generated-and-evaluated options for Experimental Systems; the "and/or" is a reminder that during General Design you often are “learning how things work” by using science, in an overlap/similarity because “sometimes designers do science.” / * If you don't have a strong understanding of Stages 3 & 4 in An Overview of Design Process, I suggest that you review them now` and then return here by using your Back-Button.
differences: Quality Checks (in General Design) define quality by humanly-defined Goals, but Reality Checks (in Science-Design) do not, although some human-defined Goals are included in the goal-criteria used to evaluate theories.
similarities: In both Conventional-Design and Science-Design, Preparation (by finding old information that already exists) and Designing Experiments (which then are “run” in mental experiments and/or physical experiments to generate new information) are very important. Both use Creative-and-Critical Thinking although typically the generation of options is less divergent in Science (with options for theories) than in General Design (with options for products, activities, strategies) or with options for experiment-activities in either Science or General Design.
similarities: * Science is a type of Design, so Science Process "is a type of Design Process" and we can "describe Science Process in terms of Design Process, or (if you prefer) independent from it," as explained in Science Process.
Comparing Process
similarities: Despite these differences in objectives, general design and science are just different types of design, so both use the same basic process of design* — in goal-directed thinking that uses a creative generation of ideas and critical evaluation of ideas — which in Design Process is described three ways, as a Two-Step Cycle of Design, and also 3 Elements (Goals, Predictions, Observations) in the 3 Comparisons (two Quality Checks, one Reality Check) that you see below, and 10 Modes of Thinking-and-Action (to Define, Generate, Evaluate, Coordinate).
differences: The same basic process is used in general design and in science, but with variations that include a different use of Quality Checks for evaluations. General Design emphasizes Quality Checks (to determine how closely an option’s predicted properties or observed properties match the desired properties defined by your Goals), but also uses Reality Checks. Science emphasizes a special kind of Quality Check — a Reality Check (aka Theory Check or Prediction Check) to determine how closely reality-based Observations are matched by theory-based Predictions — to evaluate theories, but also uses other kinds of Quality Checks for designing theories & experiments.visual representations: These process-differences (in the use of Quality Checks and Reality Checks) are visually symbolized by color-differences in the diagrams (2a-2b, 3, 4a-4b`) used for Stages 3 & 4 in An Overview of Design Process* where the two Quality Checks (used for General Design & Science) are dark blue, and a Reality Check (used mainly for Science) is yellow-green. Using this same color symbolism, Stage 4 (using Diagrams 4a-4b) explains how you Generate Solution-Options (in General Design) or Generate Theory-Options (in Science) by using creative-and-critical Retroduction. Similarly, Diagram 4b shows that when you Design an Experiment (Mental or Physical) you can Choose an Option-and-Situation (in General Design) and/or Choose a Theory-Situation (in Science) after you have generated-and-evaluated options for Experimental Systems; the "and/or" is a reminder that during General Design you often are “learning how things work” by using science, in an overlap/similarity because “sometimes designers do science.” / * If you don't have a strong understanding of Stages 3 & 4 in An Overview of Design Process, I suggest that you review them now` and then return here by using your Back-Button.differences: Quality Checks (in General Design) define quality by humanly-defined Goals, but Reality Checks (in Science-Design) do not, although some human-defined Goals are included in the goal-criteria used to evaluate theories.similarities: In both Conventional-Design and Science-Design, Preparation (by finding old information that already exists) and Designing Experiments (which then are “run” in mental experiments and/or physical experiments to generate new information) are very important. Both use Creative-and-Critical Thinking although typically the generation of options is less divergent in Science (with options for theories) than in General Design (with options for products, activities, strategies) or with options for experiment-activities in either Science or General Design.similarities: * Science is a type of Design, so Science Process "is a type of Design Process" and we can "describe Science Process in terms of Design Process, or (if you prefer) independent from it," as explained in Science Process.Comparing Processsimilarities: Despite these differences in objectives, general design and science are just different types of design, so both use the same basic process of design* — in goal-directed thinking that uses a creative generation of ideas and critical evaluation of ideas — which in Design Process is described three ways, as a Two-Step Cycle of Design, and also 3 Elements (Goals, Predictions, Observations) in the 3 Comparisons (two Quality Checks, one Reality Check) that you see below, and 10 Modes of Thinking-and-Action (to Define, Generate, Evaluate, Coordinate).
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