The chemical composition was determined according to the
National Renewable Laboratory Analytical Procedure (Sluiter
et al., 2008). Monomeric sugars were analysed using a highperformance
liquid chromatography (HPLC; Shimadzu, Japan)
equipped with a Bio-Rad Aminex HPX-87P column (Bio-Rad Laboratories,
CA) and a refractive index detector (Shimadzu RID-10A).
The analytical column was performed at 85 C using HPLC-grade
water as a mobile phase, with a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min and a
run-time of 35 min.