This result can possibly explain by pecking order theory more than the trade-off theory because the trade-off model is not clear about the predicted sign for the relationship between cash holdings and leverage. According to the pecking order theory, cash holdings fall when investments exceed retained earnings and debt grows when investments exceed retained earnings. This suggests a negative relation between leverage and cash holdings. Furthermore, the result shows that the effect of liquidity asset substitutes on cash holdings is negative and significant. This result supports the trade-off theory which indicates that firms can use their non-cash liquid assets as substitute to cash holdings.