Indeed, in contexts where liberal norms on matters of race hold sway, people avoid words and deeds that could even be misinterpreted as racist or sexist, unless they have first established their “moral credentials” as someone not subject to such biases (Monin & Miller, 2001). More subtle measures were developed, such as the modern or symbolic racism scales of Kinder, Sears, and McConahay, in order to detect less blatant forms of prejudice.