These are not hypothetical issues. Duesing (1995) cites a report in Organic Food
Business News revealing that the Dole food multinational brought Argentinian
producers to the USA to learn organic techniques which could then be used to pro-
duce vegetables for export from South to North America. Duesing also refers to
North Californian organic farms using manure from South Californian dairy enter-
prises, which themselves use feedgrain from the Midwest. The energy eciency
implications of such arrangements, particularly if the resulting organic produce is
then shipped to the East Coast, are worthy of consideration. Duesing, an organic
farmer in North America, also reports having been approached with oers of
organic compost from Brazil and peat moss substitutes from the Philippines.
This relates to the earlier point regarding the dierent vision that dierent parties
have of a future sustainable agriculture. The arguments being raised by Duesing
appear to ®t with the vision of farms producing for local consumers. For organic
producers with this philosophy, the greater involvement of government and certify-
ing bodies, whom they have to fund, can be a source of discontent. There can be
resentment of this perceived interference, and a sense of the farmer's sovereignty
being weakened, both of which contradict the desire for the food system to be ``local
and organic'' (Duesing, 1995). Patrick Madden, President of the World Sustainable
These are not hypothetical issues. Duesing (1995) cites a report in Organic FoodBusiness News revealing that the Dole food multinational brought Argentinianproducers to the USA to learn organic techniques which could then be used to pro-duce vegetables for export from South to North America. Duesing also refers toNorth Californian organic farms using manure from South Californian dairy enter-prises, which themselves use feedgrain from the Midwest. The energy eciencyimplications of such arrangements, particularly if the resulting organic produce isthen shipped to the East Coast, are worthy of consideration. Duesing, an organicfarmer in North America, also reports having been approached with oers oforganic compost from Brazil and peat moss substitutes from the Philippines.This relates to the earlier point regarding the dierent vision that dierent partieshave of a future sustainable agriculture. The arguments being raised by Duesingappear to ®t with the vision of farms producing for local consumers. For organicproducers with this philosophy, the greater involvement of government and certify-ing bodies, whom they have to fund, can be a source of discontent. There can beresentment of this perceived interference, and a sense of the farmer's sovereigntybeing weakened, both of which contradict the desire for the food system to be ``localand organic'' (Duesing, 1995). Patrick Madden, President of the World Sustainable
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