Summary
Attitudes and values develop within the personality as one learns to perceive as attractive or repulsive symbols representing organizations, ideologies, and ways of living. Attitudes generally have fairly specific objects, such as labor unions, jews, censorship, socialism. Generalized attitudes, however, develop as the process of abstraction continues; thus we observe that people can be classified as “liberal” or “conservative” and that this predicts with fair accuracy a number of more specific attitudes. Complex attitudinal systems such as that called “authoritarianism” have also been identified, although this particular syndrome has been called into question by further research.
The significance of attitude and value for personality study lies in the fact that temperamental and dynamic qualities are integrated into these patterns of perceiving and acting. It seems clear, from the available research, that the individual’s anxiety and hostility need not be directed against people in his immediate environment; these emotions may be, and often are, focused on symbols such as authority figures, group, and institutions. This interpretation is, of course, compatible with the research on character reported earlier.
As further investigations are carried out, it is likely that methods will be devised for measuring more successfully these generalized attitude, values, and ways of life which play such an important role in our perception of foreign people and governments. increased understanding of these differences in perceived reality is urgently needed if we are to achieve communication, mutual understanding, and cooperation, instead of mutual extinction.
SummaryAttitudes and values develop within the personality as one learns to perceive as attractive or repulsive symbols representing organizations, ideologies, and ways of living. Attitudes generally have fairly specific objects, such as labor unions, jews, censorship, socialism. Generalized attitudes, however, develop as the process of abstraction continues; thus we observe that people can be classified as “liberal” or “conservative” and that this predicts with fair accuracy a number of more specific attitudes. Complex attitudinal systems such as that called “authoritarianism” have also been identified, although this particular syndrome has been called into question by further research. The significance of attitude and value for personality study lies in the fact that temperamental and dynamic qualities are integrated into these patterns of perceiving and acting. It seems clear, from the available research, that the individual’s anxiety and hostility need not be directed against people in his immediate environment; these emotions may be, and often are, focused on symbols such as authority figures, group, and institutions. This interpretation is, of course, compatible with the research on character reported earlier. As further investigations are carried out, it is likely that methods will be devised for measuring more successfully these generalized attitude, values, and ways of life which play such an important role in our perception of foreign people and governments. increased understanding of these differences in perceived reality is urgently needed if we are to achieve communication, mutual understanding, and cooperation, instead of mutual extinction.
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