organizational goals can be a strong source of conflict
in the nursing workplace, particularly for newlygraduated
nurses (Boychuk-Duchscher & Cowin 2004).
In terms of supervisor incivility, perceptions of uncivil
behaviour may have been lower as supervisors have
more to risk by being uncivil to their employees and a
certain degree of professional accountability to provide
a civil work environment. A certain level of constructive
criticism is also somewhat accepted in the supervisor–
staff relationship. In spite of this and contrary to
numerous anecdotal reports, it should be noted that
levels of incivility in the present study were quite low
overall. Although this is encouraging, new graduates
who did experience high levels of incivility, also experienced
low levels of organizational commitment and
evidence of poor working conditions. This finding
highlights the importance of combating this kind of
negative behaviour in the workplace to address retention
of this valuable human resource.
The overall hypothesized model in the present study
was supported. Newly-graduated nurses who perceived
their workplaces to have high levels of structural and
psychological empowerment and low levels of supervisor
and co-worker workplace incivility, had high levels
of affective commitment. However, only structural
empowerment and co-worker workplace incivility were
significant independent predictors. The effect of structural
empowerment was expected and consistent with
previous results in the nursing and business literature
(Cho et al. 2006, Smith 2008). Similarly, the effect of
co-worker workplace incivility is logical as newlygraduated
nurses who experience incivility from their
co-workers would be less likely to feel committed to
their overall organization. Bowles and Candellas
(2005) study supported this notion, revealing lack of
support from other staff and the nursing team as the
second most common reason for newly-graduated nurses
to leave their first professional position. In addition,
because many new graduates (Millennials) grew up
with a plethora of organizers and community coordinators
(Zemke 2001), it stands to reason that such a
cohort might also be more sensitive to a work environment
that lacks such structured co-worker support,
perceiving such disparities as uncivil; leading to decreased
commitment. The non-significant effect of
psychological empowerment on commitment was surprising
in light of previous research in both nursing
(DeCicco et al. 2006) and non-nursing environments
(Kraimer et al. 1999). However, the magnitude of the
effect was non-trivial (0.174) suggesting further
research is warranted with a larger sample. The nonsignificant
effect of supervisor workplace incivility on
organizational goals can be a strong source of conflictin the nursing workplace, particularly for newlygraduatednurses (Boychuk-Duchscher & Cowin 2004).In terms of supervisor incivility, perceptions of uncivilbehaviour may have been lower as supervisors havemore to risk by being uncivil to their employees and acertain degree of professional accountability to providea civil work environment. A certain level of constructivecriticism is also somewhat accepted in the supervisor–staff relationship. In spite of this and contrary tonumerous anecdotal reports, it should be noted thatlevels of incivility in the present study were quite lowoverall. Although this is encouraging, new graduateswho did experience high levels of incivility, also experiencedlow levels of organizational commitment andevidence of poor working conditions. This findinghighlights the importance of combating this kind ofnegative behaviour in the workplace to address retentionof this valuable human resource.The overall hypothesized model in the present studywas supported. Newly-graduated nurses who perceivedtheir workplaces to have high levels of structural andpsychological empowerment and low levels of supervisorand co-worker workplace incivility, had high levelsof affective commitment. However, only structuralempowerment and co-worker workplace incivility weresignificant independent predictors. The effect of structuralempowerment was expected and consistent with
previous results in the nursing and business literature
(Cho et al. 2006, Smith 2008). Similarly, the effect of
co-worker workplace incivility is logical as newlygraduated
nurses who experience incivility from their
co-workers would be less likely to feel committed to
their overall organization. Bowles and Candellas
(2005) study supported this notion, revealing lack of
support from other staff and the nursing team as the
second most common reason for newly-graduated nurses
to leave their first professional position. In addition,
because many new graduates (Millennials) grew up
with a plethora of organizers and community coordinators
(Zemke 2001), it stands to reason that such a
cohort might also be more sensitive to a work environment
that lacks such structured co-worker support,
perceiving such disparities as uncivil; leading to decreased
commitment. The non-significant effect of
psychological empowerment on commitment was surprising
in light of previous research in both nursing
(DeCicco et al. 2006) and non-nursing environments
(Kraimer et al. 1999). However, the magnitude of the
effect was non-trivial (0.174) suggesting further
research is warranted with a larger sample. The nonsignificant
effect of supervisor workplace incivility on
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