In the field of information technology, models have been around since the very beginning, with sig-
nificant growth during the 1980s. Essential modeling techniques have been known since the start of the
1990s. However, there was great heterogeneity among models, with significant differences between
countries and IT fields, as well as unsuccessful cooperation between these models (Merise was a
method and model specific to the IT management field in France, the Yourdon method was popular
in the Anglo-Saxon world, use of the IDEF0 model was widespread in technical systems, the first object-oriented models were highly specialized and few and far between, and so on). Modeling stan-
dards were born in the 1990s/2000s UML and then BPMN), enabling modeling techniques to be
harmonized.