The main outcome measure was HbA1c, standardized to
the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial normal range
using the Multiple of the Mean method.14 HbA1c is given in
percentage. Based on the prepubertal and accordingly adult
HbA1c, patients were divided into tertiles: group I, representing one-third of patients (n = 382) with lowest HbA1c levels;
group II, 382 patients with middle/moderate HbA1c; and
group III, 382 patients with the worst metabolic control
(highest HbA1c levels before puberty). Migration background was defined by patient’s father and/or mother not
born in Austria or Germany.