the HHW collection systems are summarized, identifying
the stakeholders as well as mandatory and volunteer steps.
Volunteer participation of citizens is the cornerstone of any system,
since separation at source is a necessary step for any successful
system. The participation of municipalities, producers and at less
extent retailers is a necessary precondition. Curbside and off-site
collection, either in the form of permanent collection sites or
collection events and at some degree, due to high cost, door-todoor
collection systems are used worldwide. Take-back programmes
with the participation of retailers have been proven to be
a successful system during the last years, implemented at large
scale and for many years in US