it resembles a plate and stresses the composition of a healthful diet rather than ranking the food groups into more healthful and less healthful ones.12
The aim of this study was to exam- ine the effectiveness and efficiency of 3 typical formats of graphical food guides (circle, pyramid, and rainbow) that differ only in shape. The first research question was whether the 3 food guide formats differ in their effectiveness of conveying nutrition information required to judge differ- ent statements about healthful eating. The second research question con- cerned efficiency; it was explored whether differences exist between the 3 food guide formats regarding the number and duration of gazes required to process the graph.
METHODS
Study Design
An experimental design was used to compare the graphs’ effectiveness and efficiency. All participants were randomly assigned to viewing 1 of 3 shapes (circle, pyramid, rainbow) that included exactly the same infor- mation, depicted with the same pictures and colors. Thus, differences in the dependent measures could be attributed to the graph’s shape. This design allows 1 shape’s effectiveness and efficiency to be examined relative to the others.
Participants and Recruitment
The sample was recruited using a pre- test in which 759 first-year students’ familiarity with the food guide for- mats and their nutritional knowledge (measured with a short questionnaire consisting of 11 questions based on previous nutrition knowledge scales) was assessed.13-15 The answers were ranked according to the number of correctly answered questions from the nutritional knowledge scale, and only the 206 individuals with the least correct answers were contacted by e-mail. Thus, it was ensured that all participants had to refer to the food guides during the experiment. Ninety-eight subjects (47.6%) partici- pated in the experiment concerning the 3 food guide formats. Fifty-eight of these 98 subjects (59.2%
it resembles a plate and stresses the composition of a healthful diet rather than ranking the food groups into more healthful and less healthful ones.12
The aim of this study was to exam- ine the effectiveness and efficiency of 3 typical formats of graphical food guides (circle, pyramid, and rainbow) that differ only in shape. The first research question was whether the 3 food guide formats differ in their effectiveness of conveying nutrition information required to judge differ- ent statements about healthful eating. The second research question con- cerned efficiency; it was explored whether differences exist between the 3 food guide formats regarding the number and duration of gazes required to process the graph.
METHODS
Study Design
An experimental design was used to compare the graphs’ effectiveness and efficiency. All participants were randomly assigned to viewing 1 of 3 shapes (circle, pyramid, rainbow) that included exactly the same infor- mation, depicted with the same pictures and colors. Thus, differences in the dependent measures could be attributed to the graph’s shape. This design allows 1 shape’s effectiveness and efficiency to be examined relative to the others.
Participants and Recruitment
The sample was recruited using a pre- test in which 759 first-year students’ familiarity with the food guide for- mats and their nutritional knowledge (measured with a short questionnaire consisting of 11 questions based on previous nutrition knowledge scales) was assessed.13-15 The answers were ranked according to the number of correctly answered questions from the nutritional knowledge scale, and only the 206 individuals with the least correct answers were contacted by e-mail. Thus, it was ensured that all participants had to refer to the food guides during the experiment. Ninety-eight subjects (47.6%) partici- pated in the experiment concerning the 3 food guide formats. Fifty-eight of these 98 subjects (59.2%
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