have artfully plumbed and explored this mystery of personality, and some theorists recognize this as among the most important justifications of liberal principles.What is the relationship of the liberal citizen to these regimes? Do citizens owe a legal duty only to their national state or does their obligation extend to the larger formation as well? In most if not all cases, the regime’s rules are binding on the citizens of the member states either directly or indirectly (i.e. through their own state); enforcement of the regime’s rules, however, is almost always left to the member states, which have to enforce rules against their own citizens. The situation
is somewhat clearer with respect to rights created by the supra-national regime. Some of these rights – for example, under the European Charter of Human Rights and similar instruments – are enjoyed directly by citizens (or legal aliens) of member states, who can enforce them against their states. Apart from legal duties and rights, is the liberal citizen likely to feel a growing sense of loyalty or affective identification with the supra-national regime, as many young and cosmopolitan Europeans are said to feel toward the EU? Answers to this question will only emerge over time (Caporaso, 2000).