The results of this study raise several questions that could be pursued in future work. The limitations of our study suggest further research to explore how learners would attune themselves differently to different mobile learning experiences. The experimental task in this empirical study was a spatial navigation task that required spatial cognition in performance. Hence, without considering many other learning tasks that would not fall into this category, we cannot clearly assert the relative effectiveness of these different forms of learning systems, with respect to the type of content to be learned and the type of learning outcomes used to assess the benefits of mobile learning. As well as considering other learning tasks, our observations also point out two important areas of further research that could be advanced. First, we might explore other individual differences, such as attention level [43], age, education, or professional training level and so forth; second, we might pursue a longitudinal study to see how flow experience might make a difference in students’ learning performance using longer term measures of mobile learning outcomes.