In view of the findings and discussion of literatures, it seems that also found some
possible barriers or challenges of kaizen initiative during the application effort in
organizations. When implementing the Kaizen approach, much of the responsibility lies
with upper management. Pitfalls include the tendency of upper management to
micromanage the teams and a lack of initial training in teamwork effectiveness (Chen et
al., 2000). Besides, a lack of communication and coordination between departments also
appeared (Garcia et al., 2008). Academic organizations are parallel to any other
organization in that it can be hard to obtain broad-based participation in formal process
improvement activities especially when the tools or methods are unfamiliar (Emiliani,
2005). Out of all the above it may conclude that the literature review have develop a
good working knowledge of the study in a particular area. The reviews also give an idea
of the study of kaizen implementation that has been carried out in SMI Company,
preparing the reader for the study that is to follow.