where: X1 ¼working capital/total assets; X2 ¼retained earnings/total assets; X3 ¼EBIT/total assets; X0
4 ¼book
value of equity/total debt; X5 ¼sales/total assets.
As ratio X5 was considered industry-specific later on, it was excluded from the following model, Z00, which was
estimated as follows (Altman 2002):