Expert systems are computer-based tools that are designed to function as intelligent aids to decision making in all sorts of tasks. Early expert systems, such as MYCIN, were developed to help physicians diagnose bacterial infections with which they were unfamiliar. Prominent expert systems have also been developed to help geologists decide where to drill for oil, fire fighters decide how to extinguish different kinds of fires, computer sales technicians how to configure computer systems, and employees to decide among a large number of company benefits alternatives. Problems whose solution includes recommendations based on a variety of decisions are good candidates for expert systems.
Expert systems have evolved from research in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). Al is a field of computer science and cognitive science that focuses on the development of both hardware innovations and programming techniques that enable machines to perform tasks that are regarded as intelligent when done by people. Intelligence is the capacity to learn, reason, and understand. Artificial means simulated. So, in other words, Al researchers and expert system builders attempt to develop programs that simulate the human capability to reason and to learn. Simulated means only imitating a real object or event. Al programs, including expert systems, may perform functions that resemble human thinking, such as decision making. In reality though, Al programs are just computer programs; they only imitate a human activity within a narrowly defined situation.
An expert system, then, is a computer program that simulates the way human experts solve problems-an artificial decision maker. For example, when we consult an expert (e.g., doctor, lawyer, teacher) about a problem, the expert asks for current information about our condition, searches his or her knowledge base (memory) for existing knowledge that can be related to elements of the current situation, processes the information (thinks), arrives at a decision, and presents his or her solution. Like a human expert, an expert system (computer program) is approached by an individual with a problem. The system queries the individual about the current status of the. problem, searches its own knowledge base (stored previously) for pertinent facts and rules that reflect the knowledge of an expert, processes the information, arrives at a decision, and reports the solution to the user.
Most expert systems consist of several components, including the knowledge base, inference engine, and user interface. The knowledge base consists of facts and rules that are programmed into the system by the designer., For example, an expert system designed to diagnose cars that will not start might include facts and rules such as:
Fact: Battery supplies voltage to ignition.
Fact: Ignition routes voltage to solenoid.
Rule: IF ignition is on,
AND solenoid is not engaged,
THEN battery is dead,
OR ignition switch is faulty.
Expert systems are computer-based tools that are designed to function as intelligent aids to decision making in all sorts of tasks. Early expert systems, such as MYCIN, were developed to help physicians diagnose bacterial infections with which they were unfamiliar. Prominent expert systems have also been developed to help geologists decide where to drill for oil, fire fighters decide how to extinguish different kinds of fires, computer sales technicians how to configure computer systems, and employees to decide among a large number of company benefits alternatives. Problems whose solution includes recommendations based on a variety of decisions are good candidates for expert systems.Expert systems have evolved from research in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). Al is a field of computer science and cognitive science that focuses on the development of both hardware innovations and programming techniques that enable machines to perform tasks that are regarded as intelligent when done by people. Intelligence is the capacity to learn, reason, and understand. Artificial means simulated. So, in other words, Al researchers and expert system builders attempt to develop programs that simulate the human capability to reason and to learn. Simulated means only imitating a real object or event. Al programs, including expert systems, may perform functions that resemble human thinking, such as decision making. In reality though, Al programs are just computer programs; they only imitate a human activity within a narrowly defined situation.An expert system, then, is a computer program that simulates the way human experts solve problems-an artificial decision maker. For example, when we consult an expert (e.g., doctor, lawyer, teacher) about a problem, the expert asks for current information about our condition, searches his or her knowledge base (memory) for existing knowledge that can be related to elements of the current situation, processes the information (thinks), arrives at a decision, and presents his or her solution. Like a human expert, an expert system (computer program) is approached by an individual with a problem. The system queries the individual about the current status of the. problem, searches its own knowledge base (stored previously) for pertinent facts and rules that reflect the knowledge of an expert, processes the information, arrives at a decision, and reports the solution to the user.Most expert systems consist of several components, including the knowledge base, inference engine, and user interface. The knowledge base consists of facts and rules that are programmed into the system by the designer., For example, an expert system designed to diagnose cars that will not start might include facts and rules such as:Fact: Battery supplies voltage to ignition.Fact: Ignition routes voltage to solenoid.Rule: IF ignition is on, AND solenoid is not engaged, THEN battery is dead, OR ignition switch is faulty.
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