The result has been a trend towards
Ethernet-based fieldbus protocols, especially at H2 level. The
increased data rates of newer Ethernet standards (for example
802.3u Fast Ethernet) make it easier to create real-time Ethernet
protocols, as the transmission and retransmission times
are significantly shorter. The implementation of full-duplex
Ethernet lines allows for data transmission and reception
to occur simultaneously, easing bus arbitration difficulties.
Another advance that has allowed Ethernet to be considered
for industrial use is the introduction of switched networks
as opposed to the older hub based networks.