Notes:
(1) Because N1I1 ¼ N2I2 and since I2 produces a flux which opposes that due to I1, the net flux in the core is zero. In reality,
there will be a small flux due to losses.
(2) Because this is an ideal transformer, the dimensions of the core and frequency of the source are not important: They do
not figure in the calculation. In practical transformers, the dimensions define the maximum flux density allowable
without the core reaching saturation.
Toroidal transformers are favored for audio applications because they are inherently low-leakage transformers, even at
low core permeability. Typically, they offer the shortest magnetic path and, therefore, the lowest reluctance in addition to
being economical in both winding and core materials. However, since the winding of coils is usually done after the core is
assembled (made of stacked-up laminations or of strips of the lamination material wound in the form of a torus), it is
complicated and requires special winding equipment. Toroidal transformers are also very useful in switching and highfrequency
applications.
Example 10.9 A high-frequency transformer is made in the form of two coils on a nonmagnetic form (μ ¼ μ0), as in
Figure 10.15. The self-inductance of coil (1) is 10 μH and of coil (2) 20 μH. The current in the primary is I0sinωt
where f ¼ 1 MHz, I0 ¼ 0.1 A, and the secondary is open. The coupling coefficient between the two coils is 0.2.
Calculate:
(a) The voltage (emf) required in the primary to sustain the given current
(b) The voltage (emf) in the secondary