Phenotypic plasticity may cause the same genotype to exhibit significant variability in fruit yield and quality in different environmental conditions [102]. The availability of the sequenced grapevine genome combined with high-throughput expression profiling technologies such as microarrays, differential display andRNA sequencing now makes it possible to analyze gene expression in several Vitis species under varying environmental conditions.Transcriptome analysis was successfully applied to identify genes involved in vegetative and reproductive growth and to study vineresponse to abiotic and biotic stress factors. It has also was pro-posed to be an alternative to reference genome sequencing for studying variability that might exist among cultivars with respectto enological characteristics