The two sites received different site preparation. Volcano was
planted in rows between 0.75 and 1.5 m tall koa that had been
planted the previous year. Site preparation was performed with a
bedding plow behind a tractor, driven twice across the planting
site resulting in a planting bed about 0.5 m deep. This was performed
14 months prior to planting, during which time applications
of fertilizer and herbicide were done manually and
mechanically using all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), respectively. Pahala,
in contrast, was installed as one contiguous plantation with site
preparation performed one 1 month before planting using the
same methods as at Volcano.