Today the results of the ICM initiatives in 95 nations and semi-sovereign states
identified by Sorensen [3] lie primarily in First Order outcomes. Many of those
involved in funding and administering ICM programs in developing nations see the
challenge as one of better coordination among governmental institutions and
smoothing the path so that contemporary development can occur more efficiently.
The assumption is that adjustments to the processes of planning and decision making
will produce progress towards the fundamental goals of ICM—sustained or
improved societal and environmental qualities. The reality is that there is a wide
‘‘implementation gap’’ and that many laws, policies regulations, plans exists only on
paper.