bone mineral density (bmD) at anteroposterior (AP) lumbar spine (L1–L4), femur (femoral neck, Ward’s triangle, and trochanter) and forearm (total, ultra distal and 33% radius) was measured using the Prodigy oracle (Ge Lunar Corp., madison, WI) according to standard protocol. Quality control procedures were carried out in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. Instrument variation was determined regularly using a phantom supplied by the manufacturer and mean coefficient of variation was <0.5%. For in vivo measurements, mean coefficients of variation for all sites were <1%. The WHO classification was used to define osteopenia (T score between -1 and -2.5) and osteoporosis (T score < -2.5).6 DXA was also used to measure percentage body fat.
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