To date there have been few specific psychotherapeutic or counseling techniques developed for dealing with cancer pain. One exception is the holistic approach developed by Simonton, Matthews-Simonton, and Creighton (44). These therapists have developed a series of measures designed to foster a sense of positive expectation about, and active participation in, the cancer patient's remaining life. Their techniques include procedures for managing pain such as mental imagery and substitution of pleasurable activity for pain. By means of imagery patients may visualize healing resources, communicate with their pain, or detach themselves from it.