Case 7:
Green Tree Fin. Corp. v. Bazzle , 539 U.S. 444 (2003)
In this Supreme Court case, Bazzle and others entered into separate agreements with Green Tree in South Carolina. The agreements included arbitration clauses which were to be governed by the FAA. When suits were filed against Green Tree alleging violation of South Carolina law, and the plaintiffs moved for class certification (i.e., sought to turn it into a class action), Green Tree asked the court to compel arbitration.
The class action was arbitrated, per the court’s instruction, and the arbitrator’s award (which gave damages and attorney’s fees to the plaintiffs) was confirmed by the court. Green Tree, which had initially sought to compel the arbitration and had selected the arbitrator (with the consent of the Bazzles) now appealed the court’s decision to confirm the arbitration and claimed that the class action arbitration was not legally allowed. There was also some court involvement with the other groups of plaintiffs in the case, who were initially not compelled to arbitrate under the same Green Tree contract.
Recall that in Iberia Credit, decided approximately one year after Green Tree, the 5th Circuit noted that the parties simply assumed that the issue of unconscionability was one for the court rather than something to be decided by the arbitrator. The Iberia Credit court cited conflicting cases from the 5th and 11th Circuits on who should address such issues. Clearly, then, the Supreme Court’s decision in Green Tree did not settle the matter for all questions, even though the Court held that whether or not the contracts prohibit class action arbitration must be decided by an arbitrator.
Iberia Credit, therefore, might raise some questions as to how far reaching this Supreme Court holding really is. Is it limited to questions concerning class action arbitration prohibitions in contracts? If it does not reach the question of unconscionability in arbitration clauses, is that because it should be left to courts to decide on issue of public policy? This latter reconciliation of the two cases seems preferable.
These two cases (Iberia Credit and Green Tree), however, should give you some sense for the difficulties practitioners today face. How do we know what will render an arbitration clause unenforceable? How do we know which issues will be settled by a court and which may be addressed in arbitration? How can we confidently draft contracts containing arbitration agreements?
In most cases these questions can be answered without too much difficulty. As a general rule, arbitration clauses which are clearly agreed to, and which compel both parties to arbitrate simple disputes will be enforced by the courts. On the other hand, clauses which are hidden, clauses which are excessively one-sided, and clauses which are excessively prohibitory (e.g., prohibit class actions) are highly questionable and the attempt to avoid costly litigation might result in more delay and expense than would have resulted from an initial court proceeding.