References to using hypothermia to preserve living tissue date back to Hippocrates, who advocated packing bleeding patients in snow.114 Wilfred Bigelow first showed that blood flow could be entirely arrested in cooled animals without deleterious effects.115 This discovery allowed procedures to be performed on a stopped heart in a blood-free environment, which made modern cardiac surgery possible. In fact, using a technique devised by Charles
Drew in which patients were cooled to 15°C, Ronald Belsey performed human cardiac surgery without any circulation for 60 minutes (the perfusionist would step out of the operating room) without deleterious cerebral consequences.116,117 The utility of hypothermia in resuscitation was initially appreciated but fell out of favor because of increased predisposition to infection and inconsistent research. Ann Radovsky and Peter Safar noticed that recovery from induced ventricular fibrillation in dogs was better tolerated if the animals incidentally had lower body temperatures.118 Impressive initial results have been achieved in humans with the use of mild hypothermia
(32°C to 34°C) when ventricular fibrillation was the presenting arrestrhythm.119,120 One study even showed significantly reduced mortality and improved neurological outcome 6 months after treatment, with a number needed to treat to save 1 life (at 6 months) of only 7 patients.119 The 2005 American Heart Association guidelines recommend postresuscitation cooling in certain circumstances.76 Although hypothermia research in cardiac arrest has focused on ventricular arrhythmias, this treatment is intended to mitigate the effect of hypoperfusion on the brain,which is present in any pulseless cardiac arrest, regardless of initial rhythm. The animal research by Drs Safar, Radovsky, and
colleagues121 demonstrated that initiating hypothermia with a 15-minute delay after successful resuscitation negates the functional and histological benefit seen when dogs were cooled immediately on return of circulation. The same group recently published that initiating hypothermia 10 minutes into resuscitation in a dog model of ventricular fibrillation resulted in improved survival compared with starting after 20 minutes of resuscitation efforts.122 Hypothermia should be viewed as alifesaving component of postresuscitation care, and immediate administration of cooled intravenous saline will likely play anincreasing role in future resuscitation practice. Further research
should endeavor to clarify which patients benefit from therapeutic cooling and how to best deliver hypothermia therapy.
References to using hypothermia to preserve living tissue date back to Hippocrates, who advocated packing bleeding patients in snow.114 Wilfred Bigelow first showed that blood flow could be entirely arrested in cooled animals without deleterious effects.115 This discovery allowed procedures to be performed on a stopped heart in a blood-free environment, which made modern cardiac surgery possible. In fact, using a technique devised by Charles
Drew in which patients were cooled to 15°C, Ronald Belsey performed human cardiac surgery without any circulation for 60 minutes (the perfusionist would step out of the operating room) without deleterious cerebral consequences.116,117 The utility of hypothermia in resuscitation was initially appreciated but fell out of favor because of increased predisposition to infection and inconsistent research. Ann Radovsky and Peter Safar noticed that recovery from induced ventricular fibrillation in dogs was better tolerated if the animals incidentally had lower body temperatures.118 Impressive initial results have been achieved in humans with the use of mild hypothermia
(32°C to 34°C) when ventricular fibrillation was the presenting arrestrhythm.119,120 One study even showed significantly reduced mortality and improved neurological outcome 6 months after treatment, with a number needed to treat to save 1 life (at 6 months) of only 7 patients.119 The 2005 American Heart Association guidelines recommend postresuscitation cooling in certain circumstances.76 Although hypothermia research in cardiac arrest has focused on ventricular arrhythmias, this treatment is intended to mitigate the effect of hypoperfusion on the brain,which is present in any pulseless cardiac arrest, regardless of initial rhythm. The animal research by Drs Safar, Radovsky, and
colleagues121 demonstrated that initiating hypothermia with a 15-minute delay after successful resuscitation negates the functional and histological benefit seen when dogs were cooled immediately on return of circulation. The same group recently published that initiating hypothermia 10 minutes into resuscitation in a dog model of ventricular fibrillation resulted in improved survival compared with starting after 20 minutes of resuscitation efforts.122 Hypothermia should be viewed as alifesaving component of postresuscitation care, and immediate administration of cooled intravenous saline will likely play anincreasing role in future resuscitation practice. Further research
should endeavor to clarify which patients benefit from therapeutic cooling and how to best deliver hypothermia therapy.
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