The cotton yarn used was purchased from villagers living in
Muangphon District, Khon Kaen, Thailand. To remove the
wax and impurities, the cotton yarn (100 g) was added to boiling
water (2 L) to which were added soap flakes (ca. 7 g) and
sodium carbonate (3 g). The mixture was then boiled for 1 h.
The cotton was then removed, washed with hot water and
cold water in order to avoid breakdown of the emulsion and
precipitation of the impurities onto the cotton, squeezed to remove
excess liquor and air dried. Finally, it was treated with
1 M HCl (ca. 2 L) at room temperature for 30 min and then removed
and washed with deionized water until the rinsed water
The cotton yarn used was purchased from villagers living in
Muangphon District, Khon Kaen, Thailand. To remove the
wax and impurities, the cotton yarn (100 g) was added to boiling
water (2 L) to which were added soap flakes (ca. 7 g) and
sodium carbonate (3 g). The mixture was then boiled for 1 h.
The cotton was then removed, washed with hot water and
cold water in order to avoid breakdown of the emulsion and
precipitation of the impurities onto the cotton, squeezed to remove
excess liquor and air dried. Finally, it was treated with
1 M HCl (ca. 2 L) at room temperature for 30 min and then removed
and washed with deionized water until the rinsed water
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