Descriptive statistics were used to summarize participant
characteristics. Chi-square tests were used with
categorical data to evaluate differences between groups.
Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and
Table 1. Demographic Characteristics (N = 41)
Characteristic All Participants
Nia
(n = 22)
Control
(n = 19)
Age (years)
Range 34–85 34–76 40–85
—X 56 54 59
SD 11 11.1 10.7
Median 55 52 57
Characteristic n n n
Ethnicity
Caucasian 37 20 17
African American 3 1 2
Other 1 1 –
Marital status
Married 28 16 12
Divorced 8 3 5
Widowed 3 2 1
Never married 2 1 1
Highest educational degree
High school diploma or GED 12 6 6
Associate or specialized training 12 5 7
Bachelor’s 11 7 4
Master’s 5 3 2
Doctoral or other professional 1 1 –
Employment
Full-time 19 14 5
Part-time 10 3 7
Retired 10 4 6
Unemployed 2 1 1
Body mass index (BMI)
Range 21–49 21–48 22–49
—X 29 29 30
SD 6.3 6.3 6.5
Median 27.7 27.2 28.7
Normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9) 10 7 3
Overweight (BMI 25–29.9) 13 6 7
Obese (BMI 30 or higher ) 18 9 9
E378 Vol. 40, No. 5, September 2013 • Oncology Nursing Forum
repeated-measured analysis of covariance were used to
assess change over time between the groups.