Several authors present this development as stages of
Schools of Leadership (Partington, 2007; Turner and Mu¨ ller,
2005). Historically they started in the 1930–1940s, by
focusing on leaders’ traits, such as their physical appearance,
capabilities and personalities. These studies are often
categorized as the trait school of leadership. Representatives
of this school in recent times include Kirkpatrick
and Locke (1991) for general leadership, as well as Turner
(1999) for leadership in project management. The 1940s
brought the behavior school of studies, which emphasized
the styles adopted by leaders for their particular leadership
task. The new underlying assumption of this school was
that leadership can be learned, and is not a trait people
are born with. The popular 2 2 matrices by Blake and
Mouton (1978) or Hersey and Blanchard (1988) are among
the representative models of that school. They emphasized
leadership differences in concern for people versus concern
for production.