Firms may also use their resources to decrease buyers’ willingness-to-pay for rivals’ products. For instance, once a firm has built a reputation and developed strong customer loyalties, it may become difficult for later entrants to attract customers. Through advertising campaigns and public relation activities, a firm may also try to hurt competitors’ reputation. In addition to customer loyalties, firm may create switching costs. Long-term contracts with penalty for breach and product features in network industries are sources of such switching costs.