Above all, Stammler confuses the ideal validity of a norm with the assumed validity of a norm in its actual influence on empirical action. The fromer can be deduced systematically by legal theorists and moral philosophers; the latter, instead, ought to be the subject of empirical observation. Furthermore, Stammler confuses the normative regulation of conduct by rules whose “oughtness” is factually accepted by a sizable number of persons, with the factual regularities of human conduct. These two concepts are to be strictly separated, however.