According to that there are three main trends in studying stress. First, stress is a stimulus that threats the individual life, so stress is an independent variable originated from the individual internal environment.
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Second, stress is response to the external environment, so stress is treated as a dependent variable which affects physiological, emotional and cognitive body functions. Third trend is the transactional approach which is a combination of the two previous trends. (Hussien and Hussien, 2006).