There are a number of factors that are related to criminal behavior. These include arrested development in areas critical for behaving in a prosocial fashion, such as empathy and attachment, interpersonal perspective taking and moral development. Also important are substance abuse and partly biologically based conditions such as ADHD. This suggests that individuals' behavior, whether behaving in a criminal fashion or not, is largely determined, and not due to their "free will." If individuals do not have free will, then punishing individuals because of their bad will does not make sense. But that does not mean that society should not do something about their behavior. If, in addition, it is understood that in many cases people offend because they have significant deficits in a number of areas of their development, again, punishment might not be the best course of action by the society. Instead, when an individual commits a crime, the legal system and the society need to come to an understanding of the specific deficits of this offender and what kinds of interventions would be most likely to result in a more productive member of society and protection of society. What would benefit the society, including the victims of crimes, and the individual offender, given that the person did commit the crime? Ideally, solutions would come more from the systems perspective, with all the stakeholders involved in making a consensual decision. This assumes that a number of things would have to change. First, it is important to change society's views about free will as the causes of bad behavior, and what works in bringing about change in people's behavior. Although we have concentrated on the general belief in free will, another topic would be to examine the failure of punishment to bring about change. The majority of individuals in this country and many others believe that punishment is an effective way to control behavior. This belief in the need for punishment is simply another folk psychological belief for which there is little empirical evidence. Behavioral scientists have a long way to go in order to convince people that this is not so. Second, the legal system itself would have to move from being an adversarial system to being more of a mediationbased system. Mediation is used increasingly, for example in cases of divorce, or cases involving the rights of minor children or incapacitated individuals, such as persons with mental retardation. Mediation would have to move to being a much more central part of the legal system. Finally, the nature of rehabilitation would have to change. Currently there is little to no rehabilitation. Rehabilitation would need to include: education, therapy, and drug treatment, as well as ways of protecting the public, like home incarceration and supervision of individuals who are undergoing rehabilitation. When we discuss education and therapy, we are not referring to the kinds of systems currently in place. It is clear that individuals who have been grievously injured due to the interactions between their biological systems and their early experiences will need extensive and intensive education and therapy combined. Such intervention would be designed to rehabilitate the individual in the specific areas in which they have been shown to have deficits. It would need to be tailored to the unique needs of each individual.