CURRENT TECHNOLOGY
Six main electronic fee collection systems are currently in use:
(1) Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) - a mature technology that use video
cameras for vehicle identification.
(2) Dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) technology - based on bidirectional
radio communication between fixed roadside equipment (RSE) and a mobile device (OBU)
installed in a vehicle.
(3) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) - the most used Toll Collection system in the
United States (US), relying on radio waves to identify devices.
(4) Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) technology for toll collection purposes - an
emerging technology that uses the vehicle’s position data to measure the use of the road in
order to determine the charge.
(5) Tachograph-based tolling - the system used in Switzerland - records the mileage driven
by the user through an OBU connected electronically to the vehicle´s odometer.
(6) Mobile communications (GSM and smartphones) tolling systems - still in an embryonic
stage but having significant potentials going forward.
These technologies differ in performance, enforcement, accuracy, cost evaluation and
interoperability. Options other than the tachograph and GSM/smartphone tolling can
guarantee a level of accuracy of over 99%. Another issue is data protection: ANPR and
GNSS may allow the recognition or continuous tracking of drivers, while DSRC, RFID and
tachograph-based technology does not seem to affect user privacy. the Taiwan Public Construction Commission. The systematic bid assessment model and the cost-probability curve can be used as strategic tools for quantifying project risks and calculating bids for construction projects.