Resource mobilization theorists warn that the goals, strategies and actions of SMOs are not always those of the social movement as a whole. Several studies have found discrepancies between the leaders’ beliefs and motivations and those of SMOs’ rank and file. Jenkins warns that because SMOs enjoy relative autonomy from the movement’s membership, ‘the convergence between SMO program and membership interests . . . should be assumed to be problematic’ (Jenkins, 1981: 126). Furthermore, SMs are ‘rarely unified affairs’ because they are integrated by diverse SMOs pursuing different goals and employing different tactics. Possibly these SMOs can engage in ‘all-out war against each other’ as they compete for limited resources and support (Zald and McCarthy, 1987: 161). Common interest, therefore, does not necessarily lead to co-operation.