Although a few women and minorities have recently moved into highly visible
top leadership positions, such as Kenneth Chenault at American Express or
Indra Nooyi at Pepsi-Co, most women and minorities are still clustered at the bottom
of the organizational hierarchy. Women, for instance, have made signifi cant
strides in recent years, but they still represent less than 16 percent of corporate
offi cers in America’s 500 largest companies.20