Step 4: Transformation ? release In the landfill, the flacon may undergo several geochemical processes under the action of infiltrating water (dissolution/ precipitation), pH changes (oxidation, reductions) and surrounding media and materials (oxidation, reduction, adsorption/desorption), as shown in Fig. 3. The ENMs will be released mostly into underground
water bodies through the leachate, though depending on their mobility, they may also bind to soil.