A baseline definition of multi-level governance
is that it refers to negotiated, non-hierarchical ex- changes between institutions at the transnational,
national, regional and local levels (Jachtenfuchs,
© The Policy Press, 2001 ISSN 0305 5736 Policy & Politics vol 29 no 2: 131–5132
1995; Smith, 1997; Hix, 1998).