Phytoremediation basically refers to the use of plants and associated microorganisms to partially or
completely remediate selected contaminants from soil, sludge, sediments, wastewater and ground water.
It can be used for removal of radionuclides, organic pollutants as well as heavy metals [92].
Phytoremediation utilizes a variety of plant processes and the physical characteristics of plants to aid in
remediation of contaminated sites. Over the recent years, a special emphasis has been placed on
phytoremediation since this property can be exploited for remediation of heavy metal polluted soils [93,94].
It is a cost-effective, efficient and eco-friendly in situ remediation technology driven by solar energy.
The technique of phytoremediation includes a number of different processes such as phytoextraction,
phytofiltration, phytostabilization, phytovolatilization and phytodegradation [95]. A summary of various
processes involved in the phytoremediation of heavy metals is shown in Figure 2. The initial step of
phytoremediation is phytoextraction, the uptake of contaminants from soil or water by plant roots and
their translocation to and accumulation in biomass, i.e., shoots [96]. Translocation of metals to shoots is
an important biochemical process and is desirable in an effective phytoextraction. The next important
process of phytoremediation is phytofiltration, which includes rhizofiltration (use of plant roots),
blastofiltration (use of seedlings) or caulofiltration (use of excised plant shoots) [97]. In this, the metals
are absorbed or adsorbed and thus their movement in underground water is minimized. In addition to the
above process, phytostabilization or phytoimmobilization occurs, which reduces the mobility and
bioavailability of metals in the environment and thus prevents their migration into groundwater or the
food chain [98]. Plants perform the immobilization of heavy metals in soils by sorption through roots,
Phytoremediation basically refers to the use of plants and associated microorganisms to partially orcompletely remediate selected contaminants from soil, sludge, sediments, wastewater and ground water.It can be used for removal of radionuclides, organic pollutants as well as heavy metals [92].Phytoremediation utilizes a variety of plant processes and the physical characteristics of plants to aid inremediation of contaminated sites. Over the recent years, a special emphasis has been placed onphytoremediation since this property can be exploited for remediation of heavy metal polluted soils [93,94].It is a cost-effective, efficient and eco-friendly in situ remediation technology driven by solar energy.The technique of phytoremediation includes a number of different processes such as phytoextraction,phytofiltration, phytostabilization, phytovolatilization and phytodegradation [95]. A summary of variousprocesses involved in the phytoremediation of heavy metals is shown in Figure 2. The initial step ofphytoremediation is phytoextraction, the uptake of contaminants from soil or water by plant roots andtheir translocation to and accumulation in biomass, i.e., shoots [96]. Translocation of metals to shoots isan important biochemical process and is desirable in an effective phytoextraction. The next importantprocess of phytoremediation is phytofiltration, which includes rhizofiltration (use of plant roots),blastofiltration (use of seedlings) or caulofiltration (use of excised plant shoots) [97]. In this, the metalsare absorbed or adsorbed and thus their movement in underground water is minimized. In addition to theabove process, phytostabilization or phytoimmobilization occurs, which reduces the mobility andbioavailability of metals in the environment and thus prevents their migration into groundwater or thefood chain [98]. Plants perform the immobilization of heavy metals in soils by sorption through roots,
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