Case 2
Prior to the fall of the Soviet Union, a 46-year-old divorced senior military aerospace engineer presented to military police (MP) afraid for his life and with his briefcase chained to his wrist. His chief complaint was that the (Soviet) State Security Committee (KGB) and the National Security Agency (NSA) were following him and planned to “erase him.” He tried to leave the ED when he became suspicious of the interviewing physician. He was restrained by the MP’s and forcibly admitted to the locked unit. With affect of agitation and paranoia, he was prescribed an antipsychotic combined with a benzodiazepine. The patient's absent without leave status for over 2 months, his rank as an officer, and his high-level security clearance were confirmed. After 2 days on the unit, he admitted that he had “gone underground,” had moved every 2–3 days, and had not reported for duty in order to escape assassination. He claimed to have received coded messages from the TV over the previous 3–4 weeks, telling him that he was in danger of attack by the KGB “who had conspired with the NSA to eliminate him.” He was diagnosed with schizophrenia, paranoid type.
Subsequently, the patient said that he had been working 20–24 hours every day for the past 2 months and had developed a “Star Wars” intercontinental ballistic missile interceptor system. A secret pocket of his briefcase contained several hundred pages of neatly drawn formulas, calculations, and scale drawings of his system. He had attempted numerous times to call the President, Ronald Reagan. He admitted losing weight, racing thoughts, no need for sleep, and increased energy during the previous 2/5 months. He had suffered 2 episodes of major depression in the past and had had several unrecognized hypomanic episodes, when he became more productive. He was given carbamazepine (Tegretol) that was appropriately titrated, and his diagnosis was changed to BP-I, manic, severe with psychotic features.
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Case 3
A 28-year-old Eastern European, single, male, working as a microbiology technician, was brought to the ED by his parents. He tried to leave the ED, became assaultive, was forcibly restrained, and was admitted involuntarily. On the unit, he was mute, fearful, and socially withdrawn. He paced the floors, refusing food, water, or medicine because of his fear of poison. His laboratory work and physical examination revealed marked dehydration. He suffered a major motor seizure, but subsequent neurologic work-up was negative, and the seizure was attributed to his electrolyte imbalance. He was given IM antipsychotic medication and was forced to take intravenous fluid. The patient was diagnosed with schizophrenia, paranoid type.
A medical student elicited the patient's history from his parents. They said that he had not slept for at least 2 weeks, had stopped going to work, and “was working on his computer 24/7.” They said that he had appeared distracted, frightened, and suspicious but was noncommunicative about whatever was bothering him. After several days on the unit, the patient said that he feared for his life because “God selected me as a prophet.” He said that Al Qaeda operatives had found out about his high Christian religious position and intended to kill him on September 11, 2002. This delusion may have related to his having been in New York a year earlier. The patient believed that Al Qaeda intended to send him anthrax and that he would die and be blamed for the resultant holocaust. He admitted that he suspected that the staff on the inpatient unit had been infiltrated by Al Qaeda operatives. It was learned that his maternal grandmother had suffered several “psychotic breakdowns.” His diagnosis was changed to BP-I, manic, severe with psychotic features, and mood-stabilizing medications were prescribed.
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Case 4
A 29-year-old single male musician, of Cuban descent, presented to the ED in police custody. The patient was apprehended after striking a passerby on the street who he believed was a Cuban agent about to kill him. Saying that he feared for his life, he became suspicious of ED staff and seemed to be attending to unobserved external stimuli. He was prevented from leaving the ED after becoming aggressive, necessitating restraints, and involuntarily admission. He was diagnosed with schizophrenia, paranoid type, and medicated with IM antipsychotics.
Because his psychosis resolved, the patient began to cooperate, revealing that he believed he possessed the recording of a song he had composed and performed that was “worth millions of dollars.” He believed the Cuban Mafia wanted the recording for the profit it would generate and were justifying their crime because his lyrics were anti-Castro in tone. Two weeks before his admission, he had begun staying up all night, vigilant, to protect himself, and was getting signals from the TV and radio warning him that the Cuban Mafia had located him. As a result, he had moved several times. As in the preceding cases, this patient's diagnosis and medications were appropriately changed, resulting in effective mood stabilization.
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Case 5
A 24-year-old Columbian, unemployed, college graduate with a major in chemistry presented to the ED in a disheveled, unshaven, and unbathed state. He said that he had been fleeing from Cali Cartel agents for over 6 months, and when he sought protection from the police, they had told him to come to the ED. He was disorganized and suspicious, appearing to address unseen external stimuli. He was admitted voluntarily and diagnosed with schizophrenia, paranoid type.
More careful interviews with him revealed that the reason behind his fears was his belief that he had developed a formula to cheaply produce a very potent narcotic. His synthetic drug would eliminate the need to grow opium or coca. He believed the Cali Cartel had discovered his invention and had sent agents to torture and kill him for the formula. He knew the names of the Cartel bosses and discussed them as if they were intimate acquaintances. He had not slept for days, fleeing the Cartel's agents. Again, the diagnosis was changed.
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Case 6
A 56-year-old unemployed house painter, escorted to the ED by the police, was voluntarily admitted to the psychiatric locked ward because “the devil is coming to take me away.” A passerby had called the police after seeing this man standing suspiciously on a bridge. Claiming that he deserved to die, he wanted to jump to his death before the devil got him. He was unshaven, unclean, and emaciated. On the unit, his affect remained terrified, tearful, and suspicious; he would not accept anything by mouth. He said that he heard voices of the devil and God arguing over who should kill him. He said that he heard the devil say that he was “coming up the hospital stairs” and “had corrupted the nursing staff.” He was diagnosed with schizophrenia, paranoid type or postschizophrenic depression, and forcibly treated with IM haloperidol (Haldol).
As he began to improve, he endorsed the symptoms of a major depressive episode that had escalated over the prior 8 months. He repeatedly said that he deserved to die for a past “sin.” He asked for help to die in order to prevent “falling into the hands of the devil.” Several days later, he revealed that his sin was stealing $5 from the gas station where he worked when he was 15 years old. He said that he had had “a first date with a girlfriend and no money.” His diagnosis was changed to major depressive disorder, severe with psychotic features, and he was given amitriptyline (Elavil) in addition to the haloperidol.
Nine months later, he was readmitted in handcuffs. His wife had called the sheriff after a dump truck entirely filled their front yard with 10 000 fresh oysters in the shell. The patient exhibited racing thoughts, pressed speech, irritability, and said that he had not slept “for weeks” while planning a party for the state legislature and governor. His diagnosis and medications were changed again. Lithium combined with valproic acid (Depakote) stabilized his mood. The implications of his misdiagnoses and inappropriate pharmacotherapy are discussed below.
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Case 7
A 28-year-old single, never-married male was escorted to the ED by law enforcement officers after neighbors reported his bizarre behavior. He had been kneeling motionless on his mother's front lawn and had remained in a stiff kneeling position (catatonic) when the police picked him up. He said that the “hit men” hidden across the street had aimed “deadly ray guns all around me so that if I moved an inch, I was dead.” He said that the hit men had been after him for over a year but had recently picked up his trail and his execution was imminent. He was college educated but worked menial jobs, had always lived with his mother, and described himself as a “loner.” On the second night of his inpatient stay, the staff found him cowered in the far corner of his room, naked, having smeared his feces in his hair, face, and mouth. He later said that he did this to get himself transferred to the state hospital because the staff at the academic medical center had been “infiltrated by the hit men.” He was diagnosed with schizophrenia, paranoid type.
Because his psychosis began to resolve, he volunteered for a student interview course where he revealed that 3 years prior to his admission he had suffered a major depressive episode followed by a hypomanic period when he began to think that ownership of his mother's local bank that he frequented was going to be transferred to him. Over the ensuing months, he began to make plans about the use of his newfound wealth listing several million dollars of purchases that included a specific local mansion, a villa in France, and 6 cars. He said that he had planned on running for governor
กรณี 2ก่อนการล่มสลายของสหภาพโซเวียต การอายุ 46 ปีหย่าทหารบินวิศวกรอาวุโสให้ทหารตำรวจ (MP) กลัว สำหรับชีวิตของเขา และเขา briefcase chained กับข้อมือของเขา ร้องเรียนหัวหน้าของเขาถูก (โซเวียต) สถานะความปลอดภัยกรรมการ (KGB) และหน่วยงานรักษาความปลอดภัยแห่งชาติ (NSA) มีต่อเขา และวางแผนการ "ลบเขา" เขาพยายามปล่อย ED เมื่อเขากลายเป็นที่น่าสงสัยของแพทย์ interviewing เขาถูกยับยั้ง โดยของ MP และบังคับให้รับหน่วยถูกล็อก ด้วยผลของอาการกังวลต่อทโป เขาถูกกำหนด antipsychotic การใช้ร่วมกับ benzodiazepine ผู้ป่วยของขาดโดยไม่ปล่อยให้สถานะกว่า 2 เดือน ตำแหน่งของเขาเป็นเจ้าหน้าที่ และเคลียร์ความปลอดภัยระดับสูงของเขาที่ยืนยัน หลังจาก 2 วันบนหน่วย เขายอมรับว่า เขามี "ใต้ดิน, " ได้ย้ายทุก 2 – 3 วัน และมีรายงานไม่สำหรับภาษีเพื่อหนีการลอบสังหาร เขาอ้างว่า ได้รับข้อความรหัสจากทีวีมากกว่า 3 – 4 สัปดาห์ก่อนหน้านี้ บอกเขาว่า เขาอยู่ในอันตรายของการโจมตี โดย KGB "ที่ได้สมคบกันกับ NSA โค่นเขา" เขาถูกวินิจฉัยกับโรคจิตเภท ชนิดระแวงในเวลาต่อมา ผู้ป่วยกล่าวว่า เขาได้ทำงาน 20 – 24 ชั่วโมงทุกวัน 2 เดือนที่ผ่านมา และได้พัฒนาระบบดัก "สตาร์วอร์ส" ขีปนาวุธข้ามทวีป กระเป๋าลับของ briefcase ของเขาประกอบด้วยหลายร้อยหน้าสูตรอย่างวาด คำนวณ และภาพวาดขนาดระบบของเขา เขาได้พยายามหลายครั้งเพื่อเรียกประธาน โรนัลด์เรแกน เขายอมรับการสูญเสียน้ำหนัก แข่งความคิด ไม่ต้องการนอนหลับ แล้วเพิ่มพลังงานระหว่างเดือน 2/5 เขาได้รับความเดือดร้อนตอน 2 ของภาวะซึมเศร้าที่สำคัญในอดีต และเคยมีตอนไม่รู้จัก hypomanic หลาย กลายเป็นมากขึ้น เขาให้ carbamazepine (Tegretol) ที่เหมาะสมมี titrated และการวินิจฉัยของเขาเปลี่ยนเป็น BP-ฉัน คลั่งไคล้ รุนแรงกับ psychotic คุณลักษณะส่วนก่อนหน้านี้ส่วนถัดไปกรณี 3อายุ 28 ปีตะวันออกยุโรป single ชาย ทำงานเป็นช่างเทคนิคจุลชีววิทยา ถูกนำไปยัง ED โดยพ่อ เขาพยายามที่จะปล่อยนักเรียน กลายเป็น assaultive บังคับให้มียับยั้ง กได้รับเข้า involuntarily ในหน่วย เขาถูกปิดเสียง น่ากลัว และถอนสังคม เขาศึกษาได้ชั้น ปฏิเสธอาหาร น้ำ หรือการแพทย์เนื่องจากเขากลัวยาพิษ ปฏิบัติงานและตรวจร่างกายของเขาเปิดเผยเครื่องคายน้ำ เขาประสบการตัดสินรถยนต์สำคัญ แต่ neurologic ภายหลังแต่งงานถูกลบ และตัดสินถูกบันทึกความไม่สมดุลของอิเล็กโทร เขาให้ยา antipsychotic IM และถูกบังคับให้ใช้น้ำฉีด ผู้ป่วยถูกวินิจฉัยกับโรคจิตเภท ชนิดระแวงA medical student elicited the patient's history from his parents. They said that he had not slept for at least 2 weeks, had stopped going to work, and “was working on his computer 24/7.” They said that he had appeared distracted, frightened, and suspicious but was noncommunicative about whatever was bothering him. After several days on the unit, the patient said that he feared for his life because “God selected me as a prophet.” He said that Al Qaeda operatives had found out about his high Christian religious position and intended to kill him on September 11, 2002. This delusion may have related to his having been in New York a year earlier. The patient believed that Al Qaeda intended to send him anthrax and that he would die and be blamed for the resultant holocaust. He admitted that he suspected that the staff on the inpatient unit had been infiltrated by Al Qaeda operatives. It was learned that his maternal grandmother had suffered several “psychotic breakdowns.” His diagnosis was changed to BP-I, manic, severe with psychotic features, and mood-stabilizing medications were prescribed.Previous SectionNext SectionCase 4A 29-year-old single male musician, of Cuban descent, presented to the ED in police custody. The patient was apprehended after striking a passerby on the street who he believed was a Cuban agent about to kill him. Saying that he feared for his life, he became suspicious of ED staff and seemed to be attending to unobserved external stimuli. He was prevented from leaving the ED after becoming aggressive, necessitating restraints, and involuntarily admission. He was diagnosed with schizophrenia, paranoid type, and medicated with IM antipsychotics.Because his psychosis resolved, the patient began to cooperate, revealing that he believed he possessed the recording of a song he had composed and performed that was “worth millions of dollars.” He believed the Cuban Mafia wanted the recording for the profit it would generate and were justifying their crime because his lyrics were anti-Castro in tone. Two weeks before his admission, he had begun staying up all night, vigilant, to protect himself, and was getting signals from the TV and radio warning him that the Cuban Mafia had located him. As a result, he had moved several times. As in the preceding cases, this patient's diagnosis and medications were appropriately changed, resulting in effective mood stabilization.Previous SectionNext SectionCase 5A 24-year-old Columbian, unemployed, college graduate with a major in chemistry presented to the ED in a disheveled, unshaven, and unbathed state. He said that he had been fleeing from Cali Cartel agents for over 6 months, and when he sought protection from the police, they had told him to come to the ED. He was disorganized and suspicious, appearing to address unseen external stimuli. He was admitted voluntarily and diagnosed with schizophrenia, paranoid type.More careful interviews with him revealed that the reason behind his fears was his belief that he had developed a formula to cheaply produce a very potent narcotic. His synthetic drug would eliminate the need to grow opium or coca. He believed the Cali Cartel had discovered his invention and had sent agents to torture and kill him for the formula. He knew the names of the Cartel bosses and discussed them as if they were intimate acquaintances. He had not slept for days, fleeing the Cartel's agents. Again, the diagnosis was changed.Previous SectionNext SectionCase 6A 56-year-old unemployed house painter, escorted to the ED by the police, was voluntarily admitted to the psychiatric locked ward because “the devil is coming to take me away.” A passerby had called the police after seeing this man standing suspiciously on a bridge. Claiming that he deserved to die, he wanted to jump to his death before the devil got him. He was unshaven, unclean, and emaciated. On the unit, his affect remained terrified, tearful, and suspicious; he would not accept anything by mouth. He said that he heard voices of the devil and God arguing over who should kill him. He said that he heard the devil say that he was “coming up the hospital stairs” and “had corrupted the nursing staff.” He was diagnosed with schizophrenia, paranoid type or postschizophrenic depression, and forcibly treated with IM haloperidol (Haldol).
As he began to improve, he endorsed the symptoms of a major depressive episode that had escalated over the prior 8 months. He repeatedly said that he deserved to die for a past “sin.” He asked for help to die in order to prevent “falling into the hands of the devil.” Several days later, he revealed that his sin was stealing $5 from the gas station where he worked when he was 15 years old. He said that he had had “a first date with a girlfriend and no money.” His diagnosis was changed to major depressive disorder, severe with psychotic features, and he was given amitriptyline (Elavil) in addition to the haloperidol.
Nine months later, he was readmitted in handcuffs. His wife had called the sheriff after a dump truck entirely filled their front yard with 10 000 fresh oysters in the shell. The patient exhibited racing thoughts, pressed speech, irritability, and said that he had not slept “for weeks” while planning a party for the state legislature and governor. His diagnosis and medications were changed again. Lithium combined with valproic acid (Depakote) stabilized his mood. The implications of his misdiagnoses and inappropriate pharmacotherapy are discussed below.
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Case 7
A 28-year-old single, never-married male was escorted to the ED by law enforcement officers after neighbors reported his bizarre behavior. He had been kneeling motionless on his mother's front lawn and had remained in a stiff kneeling position (catatonic) when the police picked him up. He said that the “hit men” hidden across the street had aimed “deadly ray guns all around me so that if I moved an inch, I was dead.” He said that the hit men had been after him for over a year but had recently picked up his trail and his execution was imminent. He was college educated but worked menial jobs, had always lived with his mother, and described himself as a “loner.” On the second night of his inpatient stay, the staff found him cowered in the far corner of his room, naked, having smeared his feces in his hair, face, and mouth. He later said that he did this to get himself transferred to the state hospital because the staff at the academic medical center had been “infiltrated by the hit men.” He was diagnosed with schizophrenia, paranoid type.
Because his psychosis began to resolve, he volunteered for a student interview course where he revealed that 3 years prior to his admission he had suffered a major depressive episode followed by a hypomanic period when he began to think that ownership of his mother's local bank that he frequented was going to be transferred to him. Over the ensuing months, he began to make plans about the use of his newfound wealth listing several million dollars of purchases that included a specific local mansion, a villa in France, and 6 cars. He said that he had planned on running for governor
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