For chronic low back pain, moderately effective nonpharmacologic
therapies include acupuncture (114, 115),
exercise therapy (109), massage therapy (116), Viniyogastyle
yoga (see Glossary) (70), cognitive-behavioral therapy
or progressive relaxation (see Glossary) (117, 118), spinal
manipulation (108), and intensive interdisciplinary rehabilitation
(119), although the level of supporting evidence
for different therapies varies from fair to good (Appendix
Table 6, available at www.annals.org). In meta-regression
analyses, exercise programs that incorporate individual tailoring,
supervision, stretching, and strengthening are associated
with the best outcomes (109). The evidence is insufficient
to conclude that benefits of manipulation vary
according to the profession of the manipulator (chiropractor
vs. other clinician trained in manipulation) or according
to presence or absence of radiating pain (108). With
the exception of continuous or intermittent traction (see
Glossary), which has not been shown to be effective in
patients with sciatica (120 –122), few trials have evaluated
the effectiveness of treatments specifically in patients with
radicular pain (122) or symptoms of spinal stenosis. In
addition, there is insufficient evidence to recommend any
specific treatment as first-line therapy. Patient expectations
of benefit from a treatment should be considered in choosing
interventions because they seem to influence outcomes
(123). Some interventions (such as intensive interdisciplinary
rehabilitation) may not be available in all settings, and
costs for similarly effective interventions can vary substantially.
There is insufficient evidence to recommend the use
of decision tools or other methods for tailoring therapy in
primary care, although initial data are promising (124–126).
For chronic low back pain, moderately effective nonpharmacologictherapies include acupuncture (114, 115),exercise therapy (109), massage therapy (116), Viniyogastyleyoga (see Glossary) (70), cognitive-behavioral therapyor progressive relaxation (see Glossary) (117, 118), spinalmanipulation (108), and intensive interdisciplinary rehabilitation(119), although the level of supporting evidencefor different therapies varies from fair to good (AppendixTable 6, available at www.annals.org). In meta-regressionanalyses, exercise programs that incorporate individual tailoring,supervision, stretching, and strengthening are associatedwith the best outcomes (109). The evidence is insufficientto conclude that benefits of manipulation varyaccording to the profession of the manipulator (chiropractorvs. other clinician trained in manipulation) or accordingto presence or absence of radiating pain (108). Withthe exception of continuous or intermittent traction (seeGlossary), which has not been shown to be effective inpatients with sciatica (120 –122), few trials have evaluatedthe effectiveness of treatments specifically in patients withradicular pain (122) or symptoms of spinal stenosis. Inaddition, there is insufficient evidence to recommend anyspecific treatment as first-line therapy. Patient expectationsof benefit from a treatment should be considered in choosinginterventions because they seem to influence outcomes(123). Some interventions (such as intensive interdisciplinaryrehabilitation) may not be available in all settings, andcosts for similarly effective interventions can vary substantially.There is insufficient evidence to recommend the useof decision tools or other methods for tailoring therapy inprimary care, although initial data are promising (124–126).
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