Of the dopamine precursors, carbidopa-levodopa (Sinemet, Atamet) has been used the longest, but it has
recently been found to cause augmentation, a serious problem in the majority of patients who take it for the
treatment of RLS. Augmentation is when symptoms worsen during drug therapy and may become more severe,
start earlier in the day, and may spread to different parts of the body (from the lower extremities to the upper
extremities). Augmentation can develop shortly after therapy is initiated or may occur years later. Clinicians
should be aware that research is investigating whether or not the dopamine agonist medications might also cause
augmentation. Another important issue with Carbidopa-levodopa, is that it should not be taken within two hours
after eating a high-protein meal, because protein rich meals may interfere with drug absorption.
It should be noted that certain antipsychotic drugs (the phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, and
butyrophenones) are dopamine antagonists and may decrease the effectiveness of the dopaminergic medications.
2. Sedatives/Benzodiazepines
This class of drugs interferes with chemical activity in the nervous system and brain by reducing
communication between nerve cells and thus, may promote sleep, relieve anxiety, reduce restlessness, and relax
muscles. For some patients, they have been effective in relieving the nighttime symptoms of RLS. They are used
either at bedtime in addition to a dopaminergic agent or for individuals who primarily have nighttime symptoms.
The most commonly used sedative is clonazepam (Klonopin). Unfortunately, they can cause daytime sleepiness
and cognitive impairment, particularly in the elderly.
3. Pain relievers/Opioids
Low-potency opioids such as codeine, propoxyphene (Darvon or Darvocet), tramadol (Ultram), or
hydrocodone (such as Vicodin or Lortab) can be beneficial for patients with mild or moderate RLS. The use of
higher potency opioid agents, such as oxycodone (i.e. Percocet, Percodan, or Roxiprin), morphine,
hydromorphone, or methadone may be reserved by some physicians for patients with severe RLS, who do not
respond to low-potency opioids. However, it must be noted that all of these opioid agents (low-potency and
high-potency) can be addicting with long-term use, and thus, should only be temporary medications in most
instances.
4. Anticonvulsants
Anticonvulsants are a treatment option particularly for patients who have not responded to dopamine
agonists, or patients with coexisting peripheral neuropathy and/or when RLS discomfort is described as pain with
marked daytime symptoms. Once such anticonvulsant drug that preliminarily appears to be showing some
promising effects is gabapentin (Neurontin).
Prognosis
RLS can be a life long disease that for some becomes more debilitating over time. Sometimes, patients
can have remissions; however, symptoms usually return and can become more severe with recurrence. In general,
patients who report RLS onset associated with another medical condition rapidly develop symptoms over a few
years. In contrast, those patients whose RLS is not related to any other medical condition or who report
symptoms starting in childhood or young adult life, show a very slow progression of symptoms requiring many
years before symptoms occur every day.
The John Hopkins Center for RLS under the direction of Dr. Allen and co-investigators identified 519
individuals with RLS for a quality of Life study. Of these, 424 participants completed a 36-item questionnaire
designed to assess their quality of life. Questions addressed daily function, social function, sleep quality, and
emotional well-being. The respondents’ scores were then compared to people with medical conditions other than
RLS. The study indicated that people with RLS had scores below the general population in all areas measured,
including pain, general health, a sense of energy and vitality, social functioning, and mental health. Dr. Allen
stated, “We had expected that RLS would adversely affect quality of life, but we were surprised at the severity of
the impact. Improving quality of life should be an important consideration in planning and evaluating the
treatment for RLS.”
Patient Education: “DIFFERENCE”
1. Determine lifestyle changes on a personal basis, such as which habits and activities worsen or improve
your symptoms of RLS.
2. Implement a good sleep routine as a first step toward resolving your symptoms, as fatigue and drowsiness
tend to worsen the symptoms of RLS. You may find that you achieve your best sleep later in a 24-hour
cycle – for example, sleeping from 2 AM until 10 AM.
A positive sleep routine involves a cool, quiet, and comfortable sleeping environment; going to
bed at the same time every night; arising at the same time every morning; and obtaining a sufficient
number of hours of sleep to feel well rested.
3. Find an exercise program that works for you.
A program of regular, moderate exercise helps promote sleep.
Regular, moderate exercise may also alleviate RLS symptoms. In contrast, excessive exercise
typically intensifies symptoms and therefore should be avoided if possible.
Some experts recommend that you exercise at least six hours before bedtime to avoid an adverse
impact on your sleep, however, some individuals with RLS find that isometric or mild exercise
immediately before bedtime is useful, such as walking, stretching, or using a treadmill or stationary
bike.
4. Find self-directed activities that counteract your symptoms of RLS, even if they are only temporary
solutions.
Take a bath or shower, massage the affected limb(s), apply hot or cold packs, use vibration,
perform acupressure, and/or perform relaxation techniques, such as yoga to relieve symptoms.
5. Engage your mind during times that you must stay seated (such as when you are a passenger traveling in a
car) through activities like a stimulating discussion, concentrating on intricate needlework, or playing video
games.
6. Resist fighting the urge to move, as symptoms may get worse. Get out of the bed or the chair, or if
traveling, stop frequently.
7. Network with the RLS foundation and a support group.
8. Consume a healthy balanced diet.
Though caffeine consumption may initially appear to relieve your symptoms, the use of caffeine,
most likely, only delays and often intensifies symptoms to a time later in the day. Caffeinecontaining
products include chocolate and caffeinated beverages such as coffee, tea, and certain
soft drinks.
Alcoholic drinks tend to increase the duration or intensity of symptoms.
9. Educate yourself on products to avoid. Do not stop any medications without discussing them with your
physician. The following products are believed to potentially intensify the symptoms of RLS:
Tobacco
Anti-nausea medications
Some cold and allergy medications
Antidepressants
Calcium channel blockers
Conclusion
“Two years have passed since I first sought medical care. The first year was mostly wrought with
unpleasant memories, incorrect diagnoses, unrelieved pain, and minimal sleep. Fortunately, in the second year, I
found a research specialist and a physiotherapist, who found the cause of my symptoms – RLS. I was treated with
medications and closely monitored for side effects. I have had one period of remission that lasted several months;
however, the symptoms have returned. The pain in my legs is pretty much constant. I take the smallest dose of
medication at around 9:00 PM because it causes drowsiness and drains energy from me during the day. As for life
style changes, I was fortunate that I was able to find a teaching position and welcomed standing for most of the
day. Road trips take longer because frequent stops to walk are necessary. I have not resumed travel by plane.”
One does not learn to live with pain – one learns to function with pain. Clinicians can make a difference
when assisting patients with achieving optimal pain management; that difference can be a positive experience or a
negative experience. Remove your own subjectivity from the assessment and listen to the patient. Patients who
have severe RLS and need surgery or are confined to bed will have more difficulty with pain control because of
the pain caused by RLS. Regardless of the severity of symptoms, clinicians with a better understanding of RLS
will recognize optimal patient outcomes when this disorder is included in patient care plans.
Precursors โดพามีน carbidopa-levodopa (Sinemet, Atamet) มีการใช้ที่ยาวที่สุด แต่มีเมื่อเร็ว ๆ นี้ ได้พบทำเสริม ปัญหาร้ายแรงส่วนใหญ่ของผู้ป่วยที่ใช้สำหรับการการรักษาบทบาท เพิ่มเติมคือเมื่ออาการ worsen ในระหว่างการบำบัดยาเสพติด และอาจรุนแรงมากขึ้น เริ่มต้นในวัน และอาจแพร่กระจายไปยังส่วนต่าง ๆ ของร่างกาย (จากกระสับกระส่ายล่างไปบนกระสับกระส่าย) เพิ่มเติมสามารถพัฒนาในไม่ช้าหลังจากเริ่มต้น หรืออาจเกิดขึ้นภายหลังปี Cliniciansควรทราบว่า วิจัยหาหรือไม่ยาอะโกนิสต์โดปามีนอาจทำให้เพิ่มเติม เป็นปัญหาสำคัญอื่น Carbidopa levodopa ไม่ควรได้รับภายในสองชั่วโมงหลังจากกินอาหารโปรตีนสูง เนื่องจากอาหารที่อุดมไปด้วยโปรตีนอาจรบกวนการดูดซึมยาก็ควรจดบันทึกยาที่ antipsychotic (phenothiazines, thioxanthenes และbutyrophenones) เป็นตัวโดปามีน และอาจลดประสิทธิภาพของยา dopaminergic2. sedatives/Benzodiazepinesคลาสนี้ของยารบกวน ด้วยกิจกรรมเคมีในระบบประสาทและสมอง โดยการลดสื่อสารระหว่างประสาทเซลล์ดัง อาจส่งเสริมการนอนหลับ บรรเทาอาการวิตกกังวล ลดอาการ และผ่อนคลายกล้ามเนื้อ สำหรับผู้ป่วยบาง พวกเขามีประสิทธิภาพในการบรรเทาอาการค่ำคืนของบทบาท พวกเขาจะใช้ทั้งที่นอนนอก จากตัวแทน dopaminergic หรือ สำหรับผู้ที่มีอาการค่ำคืนเป็นหลักดลบันดาลจากใช้บ่อยที่สุดคือ clonazepam (Klonopin) อับ พวกเขาสามารถทำให้เกิดกลางวัน sleepinessและรับรู้ ผล โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งในผู้สูงอายุ3. ปวด ปวัน/Opioidsสมรรถภาพต่ำ opioids เช่นโคดีอีน propoxyphene (Darvon หรือ Darvocet), ทรามาดอล (Ultram), หรือไฮโดรโคโดน (เช่น Vicodin หรือ Lortab) สามารถเป็นประโยชน์สำหรับผู้ป่วยที่มีไมลด์ หรือบรรเทา RLS การใช้สูงรู้จัก opioid ตัวแทน เช่นออกซิโคโดน (เช่น Percocet, Percodan หรือ Roxiprin), มอร์ฟีนไฮโดรมอร์โฟน หรือเมธาอาจถูกจอง โดยแพทย์บางสำหรับผู้ที่มีบทบาทอย่างรุนแรง ผู้ไม่ตอบการ opioids ศักยภาพต่ำ อย่างไรก็ตาม มันต้องบันทึกที่ทั้งหมดของตัวแทนเหล่านี้ opioid (สมรรถภาพต่ำ และศักยภาพสูง) สามารถเสพติดกับการใช้ระยะยาว และดังนั้น เท่านั้นควรยาชั่วคราวในที่สุดอินสแตนซ์4. anticonvulsantsAnticonvulsants มีตัวเลือกการรักษาโดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งสำหรับผู้ป่วยที่ไม่ตอบสนองกับโดปามีนagonists หรือผู้ป่วยที่ มี coexisting neuropathy พ่วง หรืออธิบายบทบาทสบายเป็นความเจ็บปวดด้วยทำเครื่องหมายอาการกลางวัน ครั้งเช่นยา anticonvulsant ที่ preliminarily แลบบางสัญญาลักษณะพิเศษคือ gabapentin (Neurontin)การคาดคะเนบทบาทสามารถโรคยาวชีวิตที่บางมาก debilitating ช่วงเวลา ผู้ป่วยบางครั้งได้ remissions อย่างไรก็ตาม อาการมักจะกลับ และสามารถเป็นรุนแรงมากขึ้น ด้วยการเกิดขึ้นประจำ ทั่วไปผู้ป่วยที่รายงานเริ่มบทบาทที่เกี่ยวข้องกับอาการอื่นอย่างรวดเร็ว พัฒนาอาการผ่านกี่years. In contrast, those patients whose RLS is not related to any other medical condition or who reportsymptoms starting in childhood or young adult life, show a very slow progression of symptoms requiring manyyears before symptoms occur every day.The John Hopkins Center for RLS under the direction of Dr. Allen and co-investigators identified 519individuals with RLS for a quality of Life study. Of these, 424 participants completed a 36-item questionnairedesigned to assess their quality of life. Questions addressed daily function, social function, sleep quality, and emotional well-being. The respondents’ scores were then compared to people with medical conditions other thanRLS. The study indicated that people with RLS had scores below the general population in all areas measured,including pain, general health, a sense of energy and vitality, social functioning, and mental health. Dr. Allenstated, “We had expected that RLS would adversely affect quality of life, but we were surprised at the severity ofthe impact. Improving quality of life should be an important consideration in planning and evaluating thetreatment for RLS.”Patient Education: “DIFFERENCE”1. Determine lifestyle changes on a personal basis, such as which habits and activities worsen or improveyour symptoms of RLS.2. Implement a good sleep routine as a first step toward resolving your symptoms, as fatigue and drowsinesstend to worsen the symptoms of RLS. You may find that you achieve your best sleep later in a 24-hourcycle – for example, sleeping from 2 AM until 10 AM. A positive sleep routine involves a cool, quiet, and comfortable sleeping environment; going tobed at the same time every night; arising at the same time every morning; and obtaining a sufficientnumber of hours of sleep to feel well rested.3. Find an exercise program that works for you. A program of regular, moderate exercise helps promote sleep. Regular, moderate exercise may also alleviate RLS symptoms. In contrast, excessive exercisetypically intensifies symptoms and therefore should be avoided if possible. Some experts recommend that you exercise at least six hours before bedtime to avoid an adverseimpact on your sleep, however, some individuals with RLS find that isometric or mild exerciseimmediately before bedtime is useful, such as walking, stretching, or using a treadmill or stationarybike.4. Find self-directed activities that counteract your symptoms of RLS, even if they are only temporarysolutions. Take a bath or shower, massage the affected limb(s), apply hot or cold packs, use vibration,perform acupressure, and/or perform relaxation techniques, such as yoga to relieve symptoms.5. Engage your mind during times that you must stay seated (such as when you are a passenger traveling in acar) through activities like a stimulating discussion, concentrating on intricate needlework, or playing videogames.6. Resist fighting the urge to move, as symptoms may get worse. Get out of the bed or the chair, or iftraveling, stop frequently.7. Network with the RLS foundation and a support group.8. Consume a healthy balanced diet. Though caffeine consumption may initially appear to relieve your symptoms, the use of caffeine,most likely, only delays and often intensifies symptoms to a time later in the day. Caffeinecontainingproducts include chocolate and caffeinated beverages such as coffee, tea, and certainsoft drinks. Alcoholic drinks tend to increase the duration or intensity of symptoms.9. Educate yourself on products to avoid. Do not stop any medications without discussing them with yourphysician. The following products are believed to potentially intensify the symptoms of RLS: Tobacco Anti-nausea medications Some cold and allergy medications Antidepressants Calcium channel blockersConclusion“Two years have passed since I first sought medical care. The first year was mostly wrought withunpleasant memories, incorrect diagnoses, unrelieved pain, and minimal sleep. Fortunately, in the second year, Ifound a research specialist and a physiotherapist, who found the cause of my symptoms – RLS. I was treated withmedications and closely monitored for side effects. I have had one period of remission that lasted several months;however, the symptoms have returned. The pain in my legs is pretty much constant. I take the smallest dose ofmedication at around 9:00 PM because it causes drowsiness and drains energy from me during the day. As for life
style changes, I was fortunate that I was able to find a teaching position and welcomed standing for most of the
day. Road trips take longer because frequent stops to walk are necessary. I have not resumed travel by plane.”
One does not learn to live with pain – one learns to function with pain. Clinicians can make a difference
when assisting patients with achieving optimal pain management; that difference can be a positive experience or a
negative experience. Remove your own subjectivity from the assessment and listen to the patient. Patients who
have severe RLS and need surgery or are confined to bed will have more difficulty with pain control because of
the pain caused by RLS. Regardless of the severity of symptoms, clinicians with a better understanding of RLS
will recognize optimal patient outcomes when this disorder is included in patient care plans.
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