Leaders must exude confidence and competence. They must have, or at least appear to have, a clear since of mission, purpose, and values and they must behave in ways that are consistent with their purpose and values. They must demonstrate their commitment to achieving an important goal for their group or organization and they must show that they are willing to make personal sacrifices to achieve that goal. Leaders must conduct themselves as someone with whom their followers will take pride in being associated.
Inspirational Motivation—Leaders must be inspirational
Leaders must develop and articulate a clear and compelling vision of the future. Leaders must generate enthusiasm for their vision and optimism that it can be achieved. Individual Consideration—Leaders must be considerate of their followers Leaders must deal with people as individuals with unique needs, abilities, and aspirations. Leaders must coach, advise and teach their followers.
Intellectual Stimulation—Leaders must be intellectually stimulating
Leaders must question assumptions and the status quo. Leaders must seek innovative and creative solutions to old problems and encourage leadersr followers to do the same. Leaders must create excitement for finding new perspectives and new ways of doing things.
Contingent Reward—Leaders must reward accomplishment
Leaders must make their expectations clear and reward performance. Followers must know where they stand with their leader and that they will be rewarded if they meet or exceed their leader's expectations.
Bernard Bass says he read James McGregor Burns’ book Leadership in 1979 and immediately “was hooked.”1 Burns argued that regardless of traits, behaviors or situations, leadership at the most fundamental level is about an exchange in which both leaders and followers get something they want and need. He identified two types of leadership--transactional and transforming. Transactional leadership is based on a rather ordinary and mundane instrumental exchange of value. Transforming leadership is quite different. Here the exchange involves something that rises very much above the common place. Transformational leaders and followers engage in an interaction that leads to a heightened since of purpose, mission and understanding. Both leader and the led are aroused and ultimately transformed; thus the name transforming leadership.
1. Idealized Influence/Charisma4 These behaviors have to do with shaping the followers’ perceptions of their leader’s power, confidence and ideals. Leaders who demonstrate idealized influence/charisma according to Bass “display conviction, emphasize trust, take stands on difficult issues, present their most
important values, emphasize the importance of purpose, commitment, and the ethical consequences of decisions. Such leaders are admired as role models generating pride, loyalty, confidence, and alignment around a shared purpose.”5 They make sacrifices for the benefit of the group, remain calm in crises, display competence and set a personal example for others to follow; consequently they are held in high regard. Followers tend to describe leaders who are exhibiting idealized influence/charisma in the following manner
2. Inspirational Motivation These behaviors have to do with the leader’s efforts to inspire and motivate his/her followers to tackle ambitious goals and to raise followers’ self-confidence about their ability to achieve these seemingly impossible goals. Inspirational motivation has to do with the leader’s ability to develop an attractive vision of the future, use symbols and emotional arguments to gain followers’ acceptance of and commitment to the vision, and engender faith and optimism among followers that the vision can be achieved. Leaders who demonstrate inspirational motivation according to Bass “…articulate an appealing vision of the future, challenge followers with high standards, talk optimistically with enthusiasm, and provide encouragement nd meaning for what needs to be done.”6 Followers use the following types of statements to describe leaders who exhibit inspirational motivation.
3. Individualized Consideration Individualized consideration refers to efforts on the part of a leader to provide emotional and social support to his/her followers and to develop and empower them through coaching and counseling. Burns says leaders who exhibit individualized consideration “deal with others as individuals; consider their individual needs, abilities, and aspirations; listen attentively; further their development; advise; teach; and coach.”7 They delegate responsibility, empower people, support their subordinates, and are responsive to individual needs. They listen, communicate and encourage. Followers use the following types of statements to describe leaders who exhibit individualized consideration:
4. Intellectual Stimulation These behaviors refer to the leader’s efforts to challenge followers intellectually, to encou