Lauramide arginine ethyl ester was procured from Vedeqsa Inc. (New York, NY) with 15% active LAE, along with propylene glycol (solvent) and polysorbate 20 (emulsifier). The working solutions for LAE treatments for the in vitro experiment were prepared in sterile deionized (DI) water from a stock solution of 15% LAE as follows: 50 mg/L of LAE = 3.3 µL of LAE + 9.9967 mL of DI water, 100 mg/L of LAE = 6.6 µL of LAE + 9.9934 mL of DI water, 200 mg/L of LAE = 13.3 µL of LAE + 9.9867 mL of DI water, and 400 mg/L of LAE = 26.6 µL of LAE + 9.974 mL of DI water