Future studies are needed to examine the results by experimental design. Neff et al. (2007) employed a gestalt two-chair technique to raise self-compassion. Such technique could be utilized to prime participants' self-compassion and then test the causal relationship. Third, although we controlled for a variety of demographics variables (e.g., income), we did not consider the effect of religious belief. As suggested by a previous study, participants of Thailand, influenced heavily by Buddhism, showed a higher level of self-compassion than participants of Taiwan and the United States (Neff et al., 2008).