A10-wk experiment was conducted to determinewhether shrimp pond water has a sparing effect on vitamins, trace minerals, and protein
levels in diets fed to juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Twenty-four 52-L aquaria were stocked with 0.7-g shrimp at a
density of 24 shrimp/aquaria (100 shrimp/m2 equivalent). Shrimp were exposed to flow-through seawater fromone of two sources: clear well
water froma seawater aquifer or organically rich water froma pond used for intensive shrimpculture. In addition, four diets were evaluated in
each of the two water sources (three replicates/treatment), including: 1) a 35%-protein diet with vitamin and trace mineral premixes, 2) the
same 35%-protein diet minus the vitamin premix, 3) the 35%-protein diet minus the trace mineral premix, and 4) a 25%-protein diet with
vitamin and trace mineral premixes. Shrimp grown in well water without vitamins in their diet had a significantly lower (Pb0.05) final
weight, growth rate, and survival, and a significantly higher FCR, than shrimp grown in well water with vitamins. However, there was no
significant difference in final weight, growth rate, survival, or FCR between pond-water reared shrimpwith and without vitamins, indicating
that removal of vitamins fromthe diet of pond water-reared shrimp had no effect on shrimp performance. In contrast to vitamins, there was no
sparing effect of pond water on trace minerals or protein levels. As expected, growth rates of shrimp reared in pond water were greater than
those inwellwater for each of the four diets. The largest difference in growth ratewas seenwith the 35%-protein diet minus vitamins. Shrimp
fed this diet grew306%faster in pondwater than in well water. It appears that the growth enhancing effect of pondwater is more pronounced
when shrimp are fed diets of inferior quality. Results from this study indicate that pondwater has a sparing effect on vitamins in shrimp diets,
and microbes likely contributed significantly to this effect. By exploiting endogenously produced microbes and associated detritus, shrimp
farmers and feed manufacturers can reduce substantially vitamin levels in shrimp feeds, resulting in reduced feed costs without
compromising shrimp growth, survival, or FCR.
A10-wk experiment was conducted to determinewhether shrimp pond water has a sparing effect on vitamins, trace minerals, and protein
levels in diets fed to juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Twenty-four 52-L aquaria were stocked with 0.7-g shrimp at a
density of 24 shrimp/aquaria (100 shrimp/m2 equivalent). Shrimp were exposed to flow-through seawater fromone of two sources: clear well
water froma seawater aquifer or organically rich water froma pond used for intensive shrimpculture. In addition, four diets were evaluated in
each of the two water sources (three replicates/treatment), including: 1) a 35%-protein diet with vitamin and trace mineral premixes, 2) the
same 35%-protein diet minus the vitamin premix, 3) the 35%-protein diet minus the trace mineral premix, and 4) a 25%-protein diet with
vitamin and trace mineral premixes. Shrimp grown in well water without vitamins in their diet had a significantly lower (Pb0.05) final
weight, growth rate, and survival, and a significantly higher FCR, than shrimp grown in well water with vitamins. However, there was no
significant difference in final weight, growth rate, survival, or FCR between pond-water reared shrimpwith and without vitamins, indicating
that removal of vitamins fromthe diet of pond water-reared shrimp had no effect on shrimp performance. In contrast to vitamins, there was no
sparing effect of pond water on trace minerals or protein levels. As expected, growth rates of shrimp reared in pond water were greater than
those inwellwater for each of the four diets. The largest difference in growth ratewas seenwith the 35%-protein diet minus vitamins. Shrimp
fed this diet grew306%faster in pondwater than in well water. It appears that the growth enhancing effect of pondwater is more pronounced
when shrimp are fed diets of inferior quality. Results from this study indicate that pondwater has a sparing effect on vitamins in shrimp diets,
and microbes likely contributed significantly to this effect. By exploiting endogenously produced microbes and associated detritus, shrimp
farmers and feed manufacturers can reduce substantially vitamin levels in shrimp feeds, resulting in reduced feed costs without
compromising shrimp growth, survival, or FCR.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..

A10-wk experiment was conducted to determinewhether shrimp pond water has a sparing effect on vitamins, trace minerals, and protein
levels in diets fed to juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Twenty-four 52-L aquaria were stocked with 0.7-g shrimp at a
density of 24 shrimp/aquaria (100 shrimp/m2 equivalent). Shrimp were exposed to flow-through seawater fromone of two sources: clear well
water froma seawater aquifer or organically rich water froma pond used for intensive shrimpculture. In addition, four diets were evaluated in
each of the two water sources (three replicates/treatment), including: 1) a 35%-protein diet with vitamin and trace mineral premixes, 2) the
same 35%-protein diet minus the vitamin premix, 3) the 35%-protein diet minus the trace mineral premix, and 4) a 25%-protein diet with
vitamin and trace mineral premixes. Shrimp grown in well water without vitamins in their diet had a significantly lower (Pb0.05) final
weight, growth rate, and survival, and a significantly higher FCR, than shrimp grown in well water with vitamins. However, there was no
significant difference in final weight, growth rate, survival, or FCR between pond-water reared shrimpwith and without vitamins, indicating
that removal of vitamins fromthe diet of pond water-reared shrimp had no effect on shrimp performance. In contrast to vitamins, there was no
sparing effect of pond water on trace minerals or protein levels. As expected, growth rates of shrimp reared in pond water were greater than
those inwellwater for each of the four diets. The largest difference in growth ratewas seenwith the 35%-protein diet minus vitamins. Shrimp
fed this diet grew306%faster in pondwater than in well water. It appears that the growth enhancing effect of pondwater is more pronounced
when shrimp are fed diets of inferior quality. Results from this study indicate that pondwater has a sparing effect on vitamins in shrimp diets,
and microbes likely contributed significantly to this effect. By exploiting endogenously produced microbes and associated detritus, shrimp
farmers and feed manufacturers can reduce substantially vitamin levels in shrimp feeds, resulting in reduced feed costs without
compromising shrimp growth, survival, or FCR.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
