Rousseau’s formulations, however, failed to shed light on these transformative potentials of political representation. Although he believed representatives to be necessary, he held to electoral selection rather than lottery or rotation—mechanisms traditionally associated with democracy. Whatever his innovations in other areas of democratic theory, with respect to representation he restated Montesquieu’s idea that lottery is democratic whereas election is aristocratic. He concluded, with Aristotle, that whereas all positions requiring only good sense and the basic sentiment of justice should be open to all citizens, positions requiring “special talents” should be filled by election or performed by the few (Rousseau 1978, see Urbinati 2006).