Forced-choice Procedures. A variant of the behaviour list technique has been developed that can almost eliminate the personal bias problem and most other sources of error as well. Unfortunately, it accomplishes this result while introducing a situation in which those doing the rating have no idea whether they are evaluating a person favourably or not. The consequence has been that many managers have developed considerable resistance to this approach-called the forced-choice procedure ---so much the forced-choice procedure, if only because of the extensive discussion it has provoked within industrial psychology.
The basic element of measure are a series of two or more behaviour descriptions. The descriptions within each block are selected to be approximately equal in their degree of favorableness but markedly different in the degree to which they have been found in prior studies to be associated with effective or ineffective performance, as defined by some other, external criterion. Thus, a block of items for rating training skills and containing favourable descriptions is
1. Patient with slow learners
2. Lectures with confidence
3. Keeps interest and attention of class
4. Acquaints classes with objective for each lesson in advance
A block of unfavourable it items is
1. Does not answer all questions to the satisfaction of students
2. Does not use proper voice volume
3. Supporting details are not relevant
Within each of these blocks, certain items have been found to discriminate between poor and good teachers, where as other have little relation to success (Berkshire & Highland, 1953).
Checklists. Checklists contain a number of descriptors, usually job behaviours but in some case personal traits as well, which are to be checked if they apply to the individual. Often adjective phrases are used. The descriptors are not linked to any specific aspects of job performance. However, the items checked may be scored in some manner so that certain response receive greater weight than others. For example, some items might be:
Does good-quality work._______
Requires excessive instruction.________
Is attentive to detail._______
Does not interfere with other work._______
Critical Incident Rating. The essential feature of the critical incident procedure is that incidents of effective and ineffective performance are obtained to serve as a basis for rating. Box 15-4 describes the development of such an approach at 3M Company.
Often the incident are presented to the rater in checklist form. Thus, a performance rating for a human resources representative might offer the following examples of effective and ineffective and incidents:
In discussions to fill a difficult position, will explore all possible approaches and
attempt to determine why it is difficult to locate applicants._______
In classifying a position, fails to consider other function in the organization that have an impact on the position being classified.________
The major advantages of this technique are in establishing comprehensive definition of role requirements if these are not available from other sources and in providing items that, because they are close to on-the-job behavior, can serve to reduce bias.
Forced-choice Procedures. A variant of the behaviour list technique has been developed that can almost eliminate the personal bias problem and most other sources of error as well. Unfortunately, it accomplishes this result while introducing a situation in which those doing the rating have no idea whether they are evaluating a person favourably or not. The consequence has been that many managers have developed considerable resistance to this approach-called the forced-choice procedure ---so much the forced-choice procedure, if only because of the extensive discussion it has provoked within industrial psychology. The basic element of measure are a series of two or more behaviour descriptions. The descriptions within each block are selected to be approximately equal in their degree of favorableness but markedly different in the degree to which they have been found in prior studies to be associated with effective or ineffective performance, as defined by some other, external criterion. Thus, a block of items for rating training skills and containing favourable descriptions is1. Patient with slow learners 2. Lectures with confidence 3. Keeps interest and attention of class4. Acquaints classes with objective for each lesson in advance A block of unfavourable it items is1. Does not answer all questions to the satisfaction of students2. Does not use proper voice volume 3. Supporting details are not relevant Within each of these blocks, certain items have been found to discriminate between poor and good teachers, where as other have little relation to success (Berkshire & Highland, 1953). Checklists. Checklists contain a number of descriptors, usually job behaviours but in some case personal traits as well, which are to be checked if they apply to the individual. Often adjective phrases are used. The descriptors are not linked to any specific aspects of job performance. However, the items checked may be scored in some manner so that certain response receive greater weight than others. For example, some items might be: Does good-quality work._______ Requires excessive instruction.________ Is attentive to detail._______ Does not interfere with other work._______Critical Incident Rating. The essential feature of the critical incident procedure is that incidents of effective and ineffective performance are obtained to serve as a basis for rating. Box 15-4 describes the development of such an approach at 3M Company.Often the incident are presented to the rater in checklist form. Thus, a performance rating for a human resources representative might offer the following examples of effective and ineffective and incidents: In discussions to fill a difficult position, will explore all possible approaches and attempt to determine why it is difficult to locate applicants._______ In classifying a position, fails to consider other function in the organization that have an impact on the position being classified.________
The major advantages of this technique are in establishing comprehensive definition of role requirements if these are not available from other sources and in providing items that, because they are close to on-the-job behavior, can serve to reduce bias.
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