and motion, the non-Newtonian misconception that a force is required to maintain motion is derived from everyday experience and needs to be replaced and reconciled with the correct and more expansive knowledge that forces cause a change in motion.[44]
The origin of these beliefs toward problem solving may be rooted in class-room instruction. Schoenfeld[45] reported that the problems students are asked to solve in K-12 classrooms are rarely open-ended challenges, but exercises in familiar tasks, with an emphasis on completing these tasks quickly and efficiently. Similar observations have been made by Doyle[46] who analyzed the tasks addressed inside mathematics classrooms: teachers predominantly asked students to solve familiar work rather than novel challenges.
A. PRIOR RESEARCH ON HOW TO CHANGE STUDENTS’ BELIEFS
A key challenge is how to change the beliefs of students so they can develop the skills and approaches needed to solve open-ended, ill-structured problems. Elby[47] and Hammer[48] have proposed infusing explicit discussions about epistemological beliefs throughout a course. These proposals were made in response to the observations made by Redish et al.[13] who documented that students’ beliefs in the structure of physics knowledge often worsen as the result taking physics courses, even reformed courses that improve student