Due in part to the contribution of academic research, transport agencies are slowly
integrating smart card data analysis into their daily operations and planning, for example at the
Seoul Metro Company and the London Underground at Transport for London (TfL) (Park and
Kim 2008, Transport for London 2007a). By beginning to address some of the questions
above, this research will contribute to that effort as well as provide new information about bus
passenger interchange in London. To the best of my knowledge, smart card data has not been
used to study how passengers travel across multiple modes in London, although some similar
analysis has been done in Chicago