Background:
Labor pain is one of the severest pains that cause many women request cesarean section for fear of pain. Thus, controlling
labor pain is a major concern of maternity care. Nowadays, interest in non-pharmacological pain relief methods has been
increased because of their lower side effects. The effects of discrete heat and cold on decreasing labor pain have been
reported but there was no evaluation of the effects of simultaneous heat and cold. The aim of this study was to investigate
the effect of intermittent heat and cold on pain severity and childbirth outcomes.